
['liE.SENTI-P) BY 



THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED TO THE PEOPLE OF 
THE SOUTH BY THE SOUTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY, 
WHOSE INTERESTS-ARE IDENTICAL WITH THOSE OF 
THE STATES TRAVERSED BY ITS LINES. 



COPYRIGHT 1898 

BY W. A. TURK, GEN'L PASS. AGENT 
SOUTHERN RAILWAY 
WASHINGTON, D. C. 







Oft 

OFC J 9 1908 



O'XXXXfOODoniyzi-xyycmo 



YKTERDAXTODAY^OKdRROW 






THE advance of the Empire of the South has been one of the grandest and most note- 
worthy movements in the industrial and commercial history of the world. It has 
annulled the force of the adage, "Westward the course of empire takes its way," and 
has destroyed for all time the theory of 
political economists that emigration fol- 
lows isothermal lines. 

Considered in general, the develop- 
ment of the South in all avenues of human 
activity has been coincident and parallel 
to the growth of the country at large. 
When, however, this great region is con- 
sidered by itself, or in connection with 
individual sections of the United States, 
a basis of comparison is presented which 
brings out with startling clearness and in 
incontrovertible figures the majesty and 
rapidity of its unparalleled progress. 

That the record of its growth, and 

the wholesome and steady development 

of that portion of the South stretching 

from the Atlantic on the east to 

the Mississippi on the west, and 

bounded on the north by the Ohio and the Potomac rivers, and on the south 
by the Gulf of Mexico, may be properly set forth, is the raiso?i 
d'etre of this volume. 

Taken as a whole, the States included in this area form 
an empire of a half million square miles. It is four times 
greater than England, Ireland and Scotland, and more 
than seven times larger than the combined area of the 
New England States. Within its borders could be placed 
sixty-four States the size of Massachusetts, and five hun- 
dred the size of Rhode Island. It has so generous a 
supply of natural and material wealth, that, if the bal- 
ance of the world should be swept out of existence, it 
could prosper and support itself through the ages to 
come. Raw materials exist or are successfully grown 
in every part of the South in such prodigal abundance 
that transportation from mine and field to factory is 
a minor item. It has a sj'stem of intercommunication 
and connection with the outside world by water and rail 
vhich limits the boundaries of its trade and commerce 
only as civilization is limited. It has a genial climate and 





prolific soil, and in all avenues, industrial, com- 
mercial, agricultural, and intellectual, offers its 
own citizens, and those who may in the future 
become such, every advantage and inducement 
to be found in any portion of the United States. 
The magnitude of the South's growth can 
best be told in comparative figures Between 
1880 and *i89o the true valuation of real and 
personal property in the South in- 
creased from $6,448,000,000 to 
$9,62 1, 00c 000, again of $3,1 73,- 
000,000, or 5 I per cent., while 
the New England and Middle 
States combined gained only 
$3,900,000,000, or an in 
crease of but 22 per cent. 
The per capita wealth of 
the South increased 
during the same 
period 22 per 
cent., while the 
increase in New 
England for the 
same period 
was but 1. 
per cent. , and 
in the Middle 
States but 3 
per cent. 
The value of 
farm prop- 
erty in the 
South in 
1880 was 
$2,314,000,- 
000; in 1890 
$3, 182,000.- 
000, a gain 
of 37 percent. 
The increase m 
farm values in all 
other sections was 
about 30 per cent. The 
total value of farm products 
in the South in 1880 was $666,000,000, against 
$1,550,000,000 for the remainder of the country. 
In 1890 the South produced $773,000,000, again 
of 16 per cent., while the gain of the rest of the 
country was only 9 per cent. A comparison of 
these figures discloses the fact that in the South 

* Where figures for i8go are given it has been impossible to 
secure authoritative figures of a later date than the lust U. S. 
Census reports. 




there was a gross revenue of 24.1 per cent, on 
the capital invested in farm interests, while 
in all other sections of the country the gross 
revenue was 13. i per cent. In 1880 the South 
had $257,244,000 invested in manufacturing. 
In 1890 she had $657,288,000, a gain of 156 per 
cent., while the gain of the entire country was 
about 121 per cent. The value of the manu- 
factured products of the South in 1880 
was $457,454,000. In 1890 it was 
$917,589,000, a gain of 100 per cent. 
In 1880 the factory hands alone in 
the South received $75,917,000 in 
wages. In 1S90 they received 
222,118,000. In 1880 the South 
had invested in cotton manufac- 
turing $21,976,000; in 1890, $61,- 
■ 100,000; and now about $125,- 
000,000. In 1880 the South had 
$3,500,000 invested in the 
cotton-seed oil indus- 
try. It has now 
more than $30,- 
000,000 so invest- 
ed. The rail- 
road mileage of 
the South has 
been increas- 
ed since 1880 
more than 
twenty-five 
thousand 
miles, at 
a cost in 
building 
new roads 
and in the 
-^' improvement 
of old ones 
of over $1,000, - 
000,000. In 1 880 
the vSouth made 
289,816 tons of pig 
iron. In 1897 it made 
In 1880 the value of the product 
In 1897 its estimated value was 
$26,592,719. In 1 880 the South's output of coal 
was 3,756, 144 tons. Last year it was 32,852,630 
tons, and has exceeded 25,000,000 each year 
since 1891. The resources of the national 
banks of the South increased from $29,337,700 
in 1880 to $287,594,604 in 1897, and the amount 



1,796,712 tons, 
was $7, 269,050. 




of individual cleposiis from §69,846,50010 §i6o,- 
875,309 in the same period. These figures are 
exclusive of savings banks, the deposits in which 
increased proportionately. 

No section is better adapted to the manu- 
facturing industry than the South. It has all 
needed raw materials in the greatest abundance 
and of the best quality. Its iron-ore fields 
are practically inexhaustible, and they embrace 
all varieties of ores, and many of them are of 
surpassing richness. It has coal enough to last 
for generations, even with the most prodigal 
use. It has limestone for reducing its ores, and 
every facility for making a first-class quality of 
pig iron as cheaply as can be done in any part of 
the world. It has also been demonstrated that 
steel making is quite as easy and equally profit- 
able as iron production. It has extensive for- 
ests of timber, with varieties suited to every 
kind of wood-working industry, and these for- 
ests in addition produce immense quantities of 
tar, pitch, turpentine and rosin. 

In building stones it has granite, marble 
and sandstone, all of excellent quality and in 
unlimited quantities, as well as clays for pottery 
and earthenware, porcelain and brick clays, 
glass sand, and ocher for paint, etc. 



Besides its larger industries, many smaller 
ones are constantly being developed by cheap 
and rapid transportation. Fish and oysters from 
the South Atlantic and Gulf States reach ever- 
increasing markets in the interior. Early fruits 
and vegetables are sent in enormous quantities 
as far north as Canada and the Lakes, and tax 
the capacity of the railroads in their 
season, formerly the dullest of the year. 
Dried and canned fruits are shipped by 
the trainload, and the Florida orange is 
crossing the ocean to England after run- 
ning the Mediterranean fruit off this 
continent in its season. 

It is within bounds to say that, 
taking into consideration the extent and 
variety of material, the possible powers 
of production from the soil and their 
values, the mineral and forest wealth, 
the advantages from climatic condi- 
tions — temperature, rainfall and length 
of growing season — the dynamic forces 
of coal and water power and the advan- 
tages given by proximity of interde- 
pendent resources, and by geographical 
position, the natural foundation of the South is 
four times as great as that of the North. Or, 
stated in another way, the Southern area, fully 
developed, is capable of sustaining, in equal 
prosperity and in greater comfort, four times as 
large a population as can be sustained in the 
Northern area under the same conditions. 

Much has already been achieved by the 

vSouth in the creation and accumulation of 

wealth, and in the appliances for carrying on 

the work still further. In her towns and cities, 

her railways and other means 






ha,s 



of transportation and the ton- 
nage they carry; in the value 
of her farms; in mines in 
operation and their prod- 
ucts; in furnaces, mills and 
factories, and their output; 
in active capital in the shape 
of money, credit and or- 
ganization, in skill in 
the arts, and in ways 
and means generally, 
all considered to- 
gether, the result of 
the South's progress 
been phenomenal. 

With twenty millions of people, and thirty 
odd thousand miles of railroad in operation, 
with cdtton and other crops of great value, with 
mountains of coal and ore, with manufactures 
now large and rapidly growing, with an annual 
production of iron more than twice as great as 
that of the United States up to 1865, and over 
one-third the world's production up to i860, a 
good start has been made. 

Projected through the center of the half 
million square miles composing that section of 
the vSouth east of the Mississippi River is a 
mountainous region of more than one hundred 
thousand square miles, extending southwest- 
wardly seven hundred miles from the Pennsyl- 
vania line into Alabama and Georgia, and having 
an average width of one hundred and fifty miles. 

The northwestern side of this Appalachian 
region is a continuous, unbroken coal 
field, embracing forty thousand sc]uare 
miles, and containing forty times 
the quantity of coal, available to 
.economical mining, which the coal 
ir 




fields of Great Britain held 
before a pick was struck into 
the ground. This region is 
cool and healthy, heavily 
timbered, and has a soil 
fairly productive, susceptible 
of easy improvement, and has 
the added advantage of a 
general elevation of two 
thousand feet above sea level. 
Along its southeastern 
side, from end to end, lies a 
valley s'.rip of almost equal 
%• ''?'■' area, with a general eleva- 

tion of one thousand feet above 
sea level, fertile, heavily timbered, the 
most abundantly and beautifully watered 
region in the world, rich in a broad and contin- 
uous belt of fos sil ores along its 
northwestern rim "Sini*r- near the coal fields 
At the foot of 
mountain 
ranges, which 
wall it on the 
southwestern 
side, is anoth-. 
er bordering 
belt of brown 
ores, and be- 
tween them 
the marbles, 
limestones, 
clays, and 

other min- / 

erals. 

South- 
east of the valley there is another strip of 
almost equal area of very high mountainous 
country, ranging from two thousand to sixty- 
five hundred feet above sea level, very heavily 
timbered, full of water power, and rich in 
slates, fine clays, the crystalline marbles, mag- 
netic and specular (Bessemer) ores, copper, 
talc, mica, corundum, and other minerals. The 
wealth of iron matches the wealth of coal. 
Everywhere, from one end of this region to the 
other, its interdependent resources, lying in 
parallel strips, are connected by natural channels 
worn by innumerable interlacing streams. Upon 
this field has been made the remarkable develop- 
ment of the South in the past decade, but what 
has been done has been but the faint scratching 





on the outcrop. 
Around this '; 

great mound of 
wealth piled u] 

in the center u , i 

the South, form- 
ing a natural . 
workshop and a m:i:: i- 
zine of resources twenty , 
times as great as Great ,■ 
Britain's, lies more than 

half a million square miles of ricii, ifniie lands. 
"This mountain region alone can furnish 
permanent employment, when fully developed, 
for a population twice as great as that of the 
United States to-day. Standing alone it has 
combined wealth of soil, climate, minerals, 
forests and dynamic forces, to sustain and em- 
ploy a dense population, incomparably greater 
than the resources of any other region of like 
area. Its own powers are increased by the 
varied resources of the Southern and Central 
Northern States surrounding it. With a popu- 
lation as dense as that of Massachusetts it would 
contain about twenty-eight millions of people. 
As dense as that of England and Wales, fifty 
millions. Compared with Belgium, fifty-three 
millions. With Saxony, fifty-five millions. The 
relative inferiority of natural foundation in the 
countries named will suggest itself to every 
mind. About it, on all sides, is a country need- 
ing the surplus wealth which such population 
could produce, and able to give back products 
needed in exchange. The only'limit to the 
growth of wealth, whether in its amount or the 
rapidity with which it can be created, is the 
profitable exchange of surplus products between 
people employed in different work. Distance 
is the friction — the lost power — of commerce. 
The nearer to each other that various resources 



can be worked 
up for exchange, 
the smaller the 
loss. Compact 
growth is con- 
-"''■ * ' centrated work. 

With the prox- 
imity of inexhaustible interde- 
pendent resources which Nature has 
given to the South, it has the greatest 
advantage over the Old World countries, 
hampered by the long haul of food products 
and raw materials. They will be less and less 
competitors as Southern foundations are per- 
fected and industries established. Here, then, 
is a field for profitable work and investment 
governed only by the one plain and inflexible 
law of permanent growth — symmetry. Com- 
pared with it, in magnitude of advantages any 
other field in the world is small." 






AGRICULTURE. 

The Southland has ever been strong agri- 
culturally, and even before i860, with only one- 
third of the population of the United States, it 
produced more than one-half the farm products 
of the entire nation. Nature has endowed it 
with lavish hand in the requisites precedent to 
successful agrarian development. Its climate 
is as near perfection as it is possible to attain. 
Its soil is of such varied constituency that intelli- 
gent cultivation makes it possible to produce a 
variety and wealth of crops unequaled anywhere 
in the world. It invites the farmer, the planter, 
stockman, dairyman, truck gardener and florist, 
and offers the promise of a generous reward for 
the labor bestowed. There need be no elbowing 
for room in the South. 



-'%%^h 





N.. re- 
view of 
what the 
South has 
accom- 
plished 
in the 
past and 
of her pres- 
ent condi- 
tion in agricul- 
ture, pure and 
simple, would be just 
without taking into se- 
rious consideration the 
conditions which have 
operated against her. 
For many years wealth 
and the brawn and mus- 
cle of Eastern States, as well 
as a large percentage of the 
immigration from foreign shores, _ 
have poured into the West, peopled 
its States and built its towns and cities. 
Thousands passed her greater oppor- 
tunities by to fight out a sterner ex- 
istence in the prairie States. It has 
only been during a comparatively recent 
period that the tide of settlement has 
turned southward. What, therefore, has 
been accomplished has been mainly the result 
of the ener.gy of her own people, without the added stim- 
ulus of increased capital and wholesome competition 
But she is fast learning the wisdom of diversified -. 
crops. It is true the South produces all the rice and 
cotton grown in this country, as well as seventy- 
five per cent, of all the tobacco and ninety-three 
per cent, of the sugai-, and a large proportion of the 
com, but she has found out that she can successfully 
grow wheat and a great variety of other forms of cereals 



and products, and marketable fruits and vegetables. She has 
a generous soil, a kindly sun, balmy air and plenteous 
showers, excellent transportation facilities by water and 
rail, good homes and nearb}' outside markets. 

What else could be needed to make a successful 
agricultural region. The garden-truck industry, which 
employs an army of laborers, stretches from the 
Chesapeake to the Gulf, and has grown to such propor- 
tions that it affects commerce and transportation, and 
the wSouthern States last season, after supplying the 
home demand, shipped vegetables and small fruits 
north to the value of over $15,000,000. The 
fruit-growing industry has been the counter- 
part of truck gardening in rapid develop- 
ment, and the few isolated vineyards and 
orchards of a score of years ago have 
grown into enormous acreage under prof- 
itable cultivation. The Honorable Charles 
W. Dabney, formerly Assistant Secretary 
of Agriculture for the United States, 
and now President of the Univer- 
sity of Tennessee, admirably 
sums up the agricultural advan- 
tages of the South in its cli- 




matic aspect. After stating 
that climate is as much a re- 
source of any section as its 
minerals or soil, he adds: 
" We have in the South- 
ern States, owing to the 
existence of all the 
important life- 
zones in broad 
belts running 
down the east 
and up the 
.est side of 
ihe Allegha- 
nies, a coun- 
try capa- 
ble of 



'"■^"■"SSSSb^; 




producing the greatest variety of agricultural 
and horticultural products — all those, in fact, 
belonging to the temperate zone, reaching from 
apples to oranges, from barley to rice. 

"The Southern farmer has from sixty to 
ninety days more in each year in which to work, 
and during which the sun is working for him, 
than his Northern countryman. 

"While this is true, we have a climate of 
great equability — not subject to the extremes of 
either heat or cold. Neither hot waves nor 
blizzards occur so frequently in the Southeastern 
States as they do in other sections of our coun- 
try. The rainfall is as abundant as in the most 
favored lands on the globe, and is well distributed 
throughout the growing season, giving sufficient 
moisture to growing crops even in the warmest 
months when their demands are greatest. Gen- 
eral droughts are rare, and hot winds are 
not known." 

No region in the world offers the large 
or small farmer better opportunities for 
a competency than the South, and a study 
of the statistics of the various States shows 
the tremendous progress being made in 
agricultural development. 

There are thousands of broad acres 
along the line of the Southern Railway 
awaiting intelligent development and cul- 
tivation. As demonstrating this fact the 
most recent authentic statistics give the 
following figures showing the population 
per square mile in the countries of the 
world, compared to the Southern States : 



Germany 237 

Bavaria 1 89 

Pru.ssia 223 

Baden 2S5 

Saxony 606 

Belgium 541 

Netherlands 379 

Great Britain and Ire- 
land 315 

Italy 270 

Austria-Hungary 171 



France iSS 

Russian Poland .... ..168 

Denmark 148 

Greece 88 

Turkey in Europe 80 

Russia in Europe (e.x- 

cept Poland) 52 

United States of Amer- 
ica 21 

The Southern States. . . 9 



The area of the German Empire is 211,108 
square miles, a little more than one-fourth as 
great as that of the South. Its population is 
49,421,064. If the South were as densely settled 
it would have more than 190,000,000 people. 

Austria-Hungary has an area of 201,591 
square miles, and its population is 41,827,700. 
With the same number of people to the square 
mile the South would have 169,000,000. 



The area of the united kingdom of Great 
Britain and Ireland is 120,973 square miles, and 
its population is now more than 38,000,000. If 
the South were as densely settled it would have 
256,000,000 inhabitants. 

The kingdom of Italy embraces an area of 
110,665 square miles, and its population is 
29,699,000. If the South had as many people 
to the square mile its inhabitants would ntunber 
219,000,000. 

The area of the Netherlands is 12,680 
square miles; the population is 4,450,870. If 
the South were as densely populated it would 
have 287,000,000 people living within its bor- 
ders. 

Belgium has an area of 1 1,373 square miles, 
and its population is 6,030,043. If the South 
had as many people to the square mile as 




Belgium its population would be more than 
430,000,000. 

These figures, however, are likely to be 
changed during the next decade so far as they 
relate to the South at least, for the inarch of 
emigration is making a wide sweep toward 
milder climates, and men and women are fleeing 
from regions of half winter half summer to a 
more equable zone. They are beginning to dis- 
cover that it is an immense waste of energy and 
money to spend so large a proportion of their 
time in the mere effort to keep warm and com- 
fortable, when they may have that condition for 
nothing. 

To the man of limited means no section 
holds forth .such favorable inducements. Lands 
are low in price and transportation facilities 
are of the best. All the grain and vegetable 




-".z&aL 



THK NANTAHALLA KIVKR — LAND OF THE SKY 



products that will grow in the West grow much 
more abundantly in the South, and there is a 
wide range of products that are indigenous to 
the South that can only be raised there and 
cannot be transplanted to the higher latitudes. 
Rates of living are cheaper than in any other 




section, because of the mild climate, requiring 
less fuel, and the greater variety of products 
available for supplying the necessities of the 
family. Of the families owning farms, the 
percentage owning subject to incumbrance, the 
average incumbrance and the average interest 
charge are shown in the following table for the 
whole country and for several Southern States: 
Farms Occupied by their Owners, which 
ARE Incumbered. 



United States.. 

Alabama 

Georgia 

Kentucky 

Mississippi .... 
North Carolina 
South CaroUna. 

Tennessee 

Virginia 

The logic of the agricultural situation 

is, therefore, that as a class the Southern 

farmer has the better end of the financial 

proposition. The man now living on a 

rented farm in the overcrowded portions of 

the North or West has great difficulty in 

getting a "farm of his own," while if he goes 

South it is within the power of almost every 

one to secure a place and be in position to build 

up and enjoy a home, leaving something for 

his children to inherit. This is emphasized by 

the official figures, which show that in the nine 





Average 


Average int. 


ircentage. 


incumbrance. 


charge. 


2S.22 


$1,224 


$87 


4-35 


6og 


54 


3-38 


681 


57 


4.06 


i,o6g 


71 


7.70 


619 


61 


4.88 


722 


57 


8.00 


930 


80 


3.21 


667 


41 


3-i6 


1,308 


79 



seaboard Northern States, with a population of 
105 to the square mile, and with 51.81 per 
cent, of the population urban, there is one 
pauper for every 559 inhabitants. In the eight 
seaboard Southern States, with a density of $3, 
and with 16.03 per cent, of the population 
urban, there is one pauper for every 1,093. 

The vast movements in industrial and 
mining operations in the South have to a 
great extent overshadowed the quieter agri- 
cultural pursuits, but, nevertheless, tremen- 
dous strides were made, as will be seen by 
the following comparative figures: 

1880. 1897. 

Farms 1,726,480 2,562,127 

Acres under crops 54,679,145 93,611,017 

Value of all farm products.$6i 1,699, 145 $1,006,476,800 
Number of live stock. . . 39,448,360 53,211,613 

Value $360,066,883 $516,872,714 

It is little understood among emigrants 
that the South presents advantages far supe- 
rior to those of the great West. The climate 
is much better ; the number of towns spring- 
ing up all over the South bring in their train 
nearer markets and better prices; the soil and 
seasons are so admirable that crop failures are 
rare; the farmer can raise a greater variety of 
products with the certainty that he can find 
profitable and convenient markets for them. 
The small farmer in the South is immensely 
better situated than one of similar circumstan- 
ces in the West, 
and the pos- 
sibilities 




in grain-growing in the South were illustrated 
recently when a South Carolina farmer won the 
prize offered by the Aiucrican Agriculturist for 
the largest yield of corn per acre, in competition 
with the most progressive farmers in every sec- 
tion of nearly every State in the Union. 



13 



The Manufacturers' Record, of Baltimore, has 
shown that the South's population-supporting 
power has scarcely been trenched upon. Accord- 
ing to the figures, it is possible for the Southern 
States alone to support a population of upward 
of 88,000,000 of souls, basing the estimate upon 
conditions existing in Pennsylvania to-day. 
The latest census statistics, however, show that 
not one of the Southern States, with the excep- 
tion of Maryland, is populated to the extent of 
one-fifth of the density of Massachusetts or 
Rhode Island. Under the circumstances, it 
will at once be perceived 
that the fear of over- 
crowding the South is 
groundless. The South 
can stand an immense 
tide of immigration and 
yet its power of absorp- 
tion will remain compar- 
atively unimpaired. The 
farmer will participate 
most largely in 
the pros- 




business. Nearly every portion of the South- 
land is well watered and produces nutritious 
grasses in abundance. Certain sections, as in 
Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky and Georgia, 
have long been famous for the quality of the 
cattle and horses produced, but as a whole the 
stock-raising interests of the South are still 
undeveloped and offer the greatest opportunity 
for capital and enterprise. 

MANUFACTURING. 
The manufacturing interests of the South 
are by no means confined 
to iron, steel and cotton, 
although these are entitled 
to first rank. The practi- 
cally unlimited water 
power of the hundreds of 
streams affords a wealth 
of opportunities for suc- 
cessful establishments. 
*- -v-uSS The great altitude of the 

■<3^-^f»^ mountain regions 

above the 
lower 




pcrity that will 
follow. Already he is 
finding out the value of the 
"intensive system" of farming, which by high 
manuring produces more on a single acre than 
he formerly got from four, and he has also begun 
to feel the beneficial effects of the great indus- 
trial population which he is called upon to sup- 
ply with the products of his farm. As that class 
increases in numbers the demands made for 
farm products will increase accordingly, and 
thus prosperity of the one will react upon the 
other, and the whole section will be benefited. 
All the advantages which make in favor of 
agriculture in the South apply with equal force 
to its allied industry, the dairy and stock-raising 



lands, both to 
the east and west, 
develops an almost unlim- ""^ 

ited natural power, which may be used either 
direct or transmitted, as is now done success- 
fully at many places along the Southern Rail- 
way, by electricity. Along the James, Rappa- 
hannock and Dan Rivers in Virginia; the Cape 
Fear, Catawba, Broad, Yadkin and Santee in 
the Carolinas; the Savannah and other rivers 
in Georgia; the Chattahoochee, Coosa, Talla- 
poosa and others in Alabama; the Tennessee, 
Holston, Cumberland, Pigeon and other rivers 
in Tennessee; the Kentucky and others in 
Kentucky, and many other streams, there 
are hundreds of undeveloped sites for the 



14 




utilization of this 
enormous power. No 
other section of the 
country has such a 
wealth of opportunities for 
varied manufacturing at the 
minimum of cost. Labor 
is cheap and strikes un- 
known, power may be had 
at nominal cost, and raw 
materials exist in prodigal 
abundance almost at the 
door of the factory. To enumerate the variety 
of products manufactured in the vSoutli would 
be to make a list covering nearly all the needs 
and uses of mankind, but the great increase 
in value of manufactured products from 
$315,924,794 in 1880 to $760,425,300 in 1897 
tells an eloquent story of progress. With raw 
materials close at hand, and the additional 
advantages of cheap power and competent 
labor, with a ready home market and unexcelled 
transportation offered by the Southern Rail- 
way to the centers of wholesale foreign and 
domestic trade, there is no doubt but that the 
South is admirably adapted to compete suc- 
cessfully with any section of the country. 

COTTON. 

Cotton has been the great staple of the South 
for a hundred years, and such it will doubtless 
continue to be through the coming century. This 
is simply saying that the causes for cotton's 
leadership in the nineteenth century will be 
operative in the twentieth. As these causes are 
climate and civilization, to doubt their continu- 
ance would be like placing a time limit on the law 
of gravitation. Climate produces the supply of 
cotton; civilization creates the demand; together 
they constitute the factors of the leading ele- 
ment of Southern prosperity. 

The cotton production of the South for 
the year ending August 31, 1897, as estimated 
by Mr. Henry G. 
Hester, Secre- 
tary of the New 
Orleans Cotton 
Exchange, was 
8,757,964 bales, 
and the value of 
the crop $321,- 
924,834. For the 



past six years the commercial crop has 
been as follows : 





Bales. 


Value. 


i8gi-92. 


•■9,035,379 


$338,826,712 


1S92-93. 


..6,700,365 


284,765,512 


1893-94. 


••7.549.S17 


283,118,137 


1894-95. 


. .9,901,251 


297.037.530 


1S95-9O. 


■•7.157.346 


294.095,347 


1S96-97. 


•*S,757,964 


321,924,834 




* The crop grown in iSj? (mar- 
keted in 1807-98) is esliinuied at 11,- 
000,000 bales. 

The total production 
for these six years has 
been 49, 102,112 bales, and the value has reached 
the stupendous aggregate of $1,819,768,072. 
This does not include the value of the cotton 
seed, which as at present utilized adds $35, 000, 000 
annually to the resources of the South. The 
growing number of cotton-seed oil mills, which 
increased from twenty-five in 1870 to almost 
three hundred in 1897, is every year changing a 
constantly enlarging proportion of this potential 
value into actual value. To every bale of 500 
pounds there are generally about 800 pounds of 
seed, and a ton of this seed yields about thirty- 
five gallons of oil, valued at forty to fifty cents 
per gallon. This part of the industry has 
sprung into existence only in the past ten years, 
but it is already an enormous business. In 1889 
the export of cotton-seed oil amounted to 
6, 250,000 gallons, and in the next year it reached 
14,324,000 gallons. In 1896 over 1,200,000 tons 
of cotton seed were crushed and about 42,000,000 
gallons of oil were obtained. Besides furnishing 
oil, the cotton seed, after it has been crushed, 
supplies the cattle with good food in the form of 
meal and cake, which is claimed to be only a 
little less nourishing than corn. 

Of the world's cotton four-fifths is produced 
in the Southern States. For the year ending 
June 30, 1897, they exported 6,176,365 bales, 
having a value of $230,890,971. Their produc- 
tive capacity is limited only by demand, and the 
latter is dependent on the progress of civiliza- 
tion. Every sav- 
age won to the 
ways of light 
means another 
consumer of cot- 
ton. To be sure, 
his immediate 
wants are slight, 
very likely but a 



sack with holes in it for head and arms. But 
he marks the beginning of a line of shirt wearers. 
His descendants will want six apiece with 
starched bosoms. So the demand for cotton 
grows with enlightenment the world over. 

Edward Atkinson has estimated that it 
would require a crop of fifty million bales to 
raise the world's standard of consumption to the 
present standard of the principal nations. At 
the present rate of increase in the world's con- 
sumption there will be by 1920 a demand on the 
South for sixteen million bales annually, nearly 
double her present production. At the existing 
per capita production — about three hundred 
pounds — the cotton States will require a popu- 
lation of 26,600,000 to supply the demand of 
1920. This means that the South must add 
eleven million to her population in the next 
twenty years in order to produce the raw cotton 
that the world will need. 

It will be interesting to look for a moment 
from what the coming years ask the South to do, 
to what the past years have actually seen her 
do. In the past will be found an earnest for the 
future. During the thirty-two years preceding 
1897 the South produced cotton aggregating in 



value $8,999,403,391. How vast this sum is can 
be best shown by comparison. The world's 
production of gold for iive hundred years, from 
1380 to 1880, was $7,240,000,000, which is 
$1,759,403,391 less than the value of cotton the 
South produced in thirty-two years. How like 
a romance these figures read ! What a story 
they tell of material progress and development ! 
The voyage for the golden fleece seems more 
probable; but fact is ever stranger than fiction. 
In producing this vast aggregate of value 
the South has barely indicated what she is 
capable of doing. The United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture is authority for the state- 
ment that, so far as climatic conditions and soil 
are concerned, there is no limit to the amount 
of cotton that can be produced by the South 
until the annual crop is at least ten times what 
it is at present. If progress be continued in 
the way of more careful farming, as it doubt- 
less will be, having proved highly profitable, 
even this estimate will not bound the limit of 
production. As to the cost of raising cotton, 
and the many economies experience has taught, 
much will be found in the succeeding chapters 
devoted to the various States. 




In what has thus far been said, cotton has 
been considered only as a raw material, but 
when it leaves the field it has only begun its 
beneficent mission in the world. From the gin 
it goes to the railway, the factory, the store, 
the consumer. Besides the army of cotton 
pickers, the new crop gives employment to 
thousands of sailors, captains of steamers and 
trading vessels, merchants and their clerks, 
truckmen in the city, and lightermen and long- 
shoremen, and many others. It is estimated 
that before the cot- 
ton reaches the 
cotton factories it 
has given employ- 
ment to nearly 
300,000 people in 
Europe and this 
country, and thai 
it costs from fifty 
to sixty millions 
to harvest a crop. 
Until recent years 
the South has con- 
tented herself with 
the production of 
the raw material. 
Now she is paying 
much heed to its 
manufacture. She 
has learned that 
the fabrication of 
raw materials close 
to the place of pro- 
duction helps to 
create that variety 
in industry which 
makes a country 
populous and rich. 
But the South has 
not been alone in 

her learning; the Northern cotton manufac- 
turer has learned that a factory near a cotton 
field, where he can have cheap coal, cheap 
labor, and cheap cotton, as he can have in the 
South, means a decrease in the cost of produc- 
tion and an increase in profits. This knowledge 
has resulted in the cotton factories of the South 
increasing from almost nothing forty years ago 
to 482 to-day, with 3,851,991 spindles, and 
representing an investment of $125,000,000. 
Seventy per cent, of these humming spindles 




that are transforming the South into a mighty 
industrial center are in the immediate territory 
traversed by the Southern Railway and its 
branches, as are 66,561 of the 90,168 looms of 
the South. 

That there is no danger of overdoing the 
cotton manufacturing business of the South 
may be seen from the fact that there are in the 
world about 85,000,000 spindles, representing an 
investment of about $2,000,000,000, and of this 
vast industry the United States has a little 

more than one-fifth 
in capital invested, 
or more than $400,- 
000,000, and only 
about one-fifth of 
the total number of 
spindles, or 1 7 , 300, - 
000, notwithstand- 
ing the fact that 
the South produces 
eighty per cent, of 
the world's cotton 
crop. It is a note- 
worthy fact that 
while the spindles 
at work in the 
United States have 
increased from 10,- 
679,000 in 1880 to 
17,300,000 in 1897, 
the spindles in the 
South have in- 
creased from 584,- 
000 to 3,851,991 in 
the same period. 
For one hundred 
years the South has 
been raising the 
cotton, shipping it 
to New England 
and to Europe, and permitting the manu- 
facturers to grow rich by turning it into the 
finished product. As shown, there is practically 
no limit to the power available for mill purposes, 
and there is no limit to the cotton available, and 
as New England can employ 14,000,000 spindles, 
the continent of Europe 27,000,000 and England 
45,000,000, there is noreason why the mills in the 
South should not continue to multiply for many 
years to come. Of all the vast wealth of 
material with which the South has been so 



17 



abundantly blessed there is no other element, 
not even iron, equal to cotton in its possibili- 
ties of wealth creation for this section. The 
$300,000,000 a year which the cotton crop brings 
to the South would be trebled if it could be man- 
ufactured at home. 




tThe consumption for 
1S97 of the 482 Southern 
cotton mills was 1,042,671 bales, an increase 
"t i3 7i97° bales over the preceding year. This 
was double the consumption of Southern mills 
in 1890, the consumption of Northern mills 
remaining almost stationary. While the in- 
crease in the number of spindles in Southern 
mills from 667,000 in 1880 to nearly 4,000,000 
in 1897 was taking place, the increase in the rest 
of the country was from 9,986,000 to 13,000,000, 
the gain in the South being about five hundred 
per cent, and in the whole country outside of 
the South about thirty per cent. In 1880 the 
South had one-fifteenth of the number of 
spindles in the country; now it has nearly one- 
fourth of the number. Nothing could illustrate 
in a more striking way the shift that is being 
made in the seat of American cotton manufac- 
ture from North to South than do these deeply 
significant comparisons. As Secretary Hester 
of the New Orleans Cotton Exchange says in his 
1897 report: " The inevitable result of the sharp 
competition between the North and South will 
be the certain and steady removal of the cotton 
manufacturing industry nearer to the source of 
production of the raw material, as it is but 
natural that cotton mills should be erected near 
cotton fields as flour mills are built in wheat- 
producing sections. It is an economic struggle, 



with the odds in favor of the South, and the 
superiority of capital with the North. The final 
outcome is certain. The natural protection of 
location must in the end triumph over the con- 
stant drain necessary to maintain competition 
under less favorable conditions. This, in fact, 
is a truism, and the statement is made in no 
sectional spirit, but as a self-evident proposition. " 

In the very center of the Northern mill 
industry. Fall River, Mass., Mr. Joseph Healey, 
a far-sighted New England manufacturer, 
said recently that in the item of labor cost 
alone the South had an advantage of twenty- 
five to forty per cent, over New England. A 
recent report made by a committee of the Ark- 
wright Club of Boston upon the conditions of 
Southern competition in cotton manufacturing, 
and the best practical mode of meeting it, says: 
" The Southerner finds that with the advantage 
he possesses he can make these goods at a cost 
which will allow him to undersell our mills and 
still leave him a margin of profit which is suffi- 
cient to induce the investment of capital. And 
now, what are these advantages ? First, that 
cotton is conveniently near and that freight on 
it can be saved; second, that water power is 
abundant if you care to utilize it, and that coal 
is cheap if you prefer to run by steam ; third, 
that labor is abundant and cheap and not in- 
clined to organize against the employers; fourth, 
that the enactment of restrictive labor laws is 
not liable to trouble manufacturers for many 
years. " 

And Edward Atkinson gave the weight of 
his great authority to the following statement, 
in a report for the United States Census, show- 
ing that New England mills, in cotton manu- 
facture, had an advantage of $3.50 per bale 
over the mills of Great Britain: "It may be 
said that this proves too much, and that the 
cotton spinners of the Soitthern States will have 
the same relative advantage over New England. 
Let this be freely admitted. If Georgia and 
the Carolinas have twice the advantage over 
Lancashire that New England now possesses, it 
will only be the fault of the people of these 
States if they do not reap the benefit of it. " That 
they have marked advantages New 
England no longer denies ; that they 
are reaping the benefit of them 
all the world knows. 

Some of the determining 



18 




factors in the movement of the great cotton 
industry to the South are : 

Abundant and cheap water power and coal. 

An abundant supply of native American 
operatives. 

Low labor cost because of low cost of living. 

Cotton supply immediately at hand. 

Cheap and abundant transportation to the 
markets of the world. 

These advantages must inevitably draw the 
factories to the cotton fields. To say that the 
South will meet the world's increasing needs, 
not with bales of cotton, but with bolts of cloth, 
is merely to say that effect will follow cause. 

IRON. 

In the making of 
iron the South has eas- 
ily the advantage of 
any other portion of 
the United States. 
Her rapid development 
in this direction has 
been the phenomenon 
of the commercial 
world during the last 
decade. Not only has 
she compelled recog- 
nition in the markets 
of this country, but 
she is now shipping 
large amounts of foun- 
dry iron of the highest 
quality to Europe, 
South America and 
India. Shipments of 
enormous quantities to 
Japan, where 5,000 tons recently went in a 
single week, signify that the limits of her trade 
are to be confined only to the bounds of civili- 
zation itself. "When Alabama can undersell 
English iron four dollars per ton, and make 
money for the producers, and can underbid 
Pennsylvania and Ohio furnaces and sell iron 
under their very eaves, the future of this 
Southern industry is in a good condition to 
take care of itself. 

The history of iron-making in the South 
can practically be covered by a span of the last 
twenty years. The most striking progress has 
been made during the last decade. Up to 1870 
the industry south of the Ohio and Potomac 



rivers was limited to a few charcoal blast 
furnaces in Tennessee, Virginia and the Caro- 
linas. The annual output may have reached 
to 75,000 tons in the best years, or less by 
twenty-five per cent, than the amount shipped 
to Europe alone from the South the past year. 
A month's output of any of the modern 
furnaces in Alabama would more than equal the 
year's production of the best of those earlier 
plants. In the beginnings of the early-day 
development Northern ironmasters were loath 
to believe that any serious competition would 
result from the introduction of Southern iron on 
the market. They prophesied that the industry 
could not last sufficiently long to become a 




disturbing element in the market. How much 
of a factor it has developed into may be gained 
from the statistics which show that in 1S70 the 
South made six per cent, of the whole country's 
product of pig iron; in 1880 fourteen per cent. ; 
in i8go si.xteen per cent., and in 1896, out of 
the total aggregate of pig iron produced, the 
South made 1,850,000 tons, or over twenty 
per cent. In 1870 the South had $4,516,710 
invested in the iron business; in 1897 over 
$30,000,000, producing an output for the year 
of 2,250,000 gross tons. Only three European 
countries make more pig iron than the South — 
Great Britain, Germany and France. The South 
is now far in the lead of Austria- Hungary, 



19 




CHIMNEY ROCK — LAND OF THE SKY 



Belgium, Russia and Sweden. As showing the 
advantages of the home market, it may be 
stated that the consumption of iron in the 
United States annually is 320 pounds for each 
inhabitant, 280 pounds in Great Britain, 205 
pounds in Germany and 186 pounds in France. 

There were mined in Ala- 
bama alone last )'ear over 
2,000,000 tons of iron ore, 
and this State is now the 
third in the Union in the 
production of iron ore, 
and the fourth in the 
manufacture of pig 
iron. Michigan and 
Minnesota only sur- 
pass her ore product, 
and Pennsylvania, 
Ohio and Illinois in 
pig-iron output. Ala- 
bama, east Tennessee 
and Georgia have not 
only ore but vast beds 
of coking coal and of 
limestone in the 
same localities, and 
in prodigal quanti- 
ties. Of late the 
production of basic 
pig iron for steel 
by the open-hearth 
method has been 
increasing in Ala- 
bama, and so great 
an impetus has 
been given to the steel- 
making industry by the 
success already attained, 
that great progress will 
undoubtedly be made 
during the next few 
years. 

There have been es- 
tablished a great many 
foundries, rolling mills, 
stove works and manufactories along the line 
of the Southern Railway, using Southern iron 
exclusively, for while it was formerly supposed 
that no product could supplant "Scotch pig" 
for smooth castings, it has been successfully 
demonstrated that Alabama iron is its equal 
in every particular, and the foreign product 




has practically been driven from the markets. 
The Southern foundry trade is a large item 
in the list of her industries. It has grown 
rapidly since iSSo, especially in gas and water 
pipe production, planes, and castings for engi- 
neering. No statistics of the melting capacity as 
a whole are obtainable, but good judges place 
the consumption of pig and scrap iron in these 
concerns at more than froo, 000 tons annually. 
The largest tonnage goes into pipes and 
stoves, with agricultural implements and 
machines second. The mo.st extensive 
works of this character are at Richmond, 
Chattanooga, Louisville, Birmingham, 
and Columbus, Ga. 

The furnace "practice" in the 
South, according to an eminent author- 
ity, is equal, for obtaining the best 
results and economizing expenses, to 
that of the leading regions of Pennsyl- 
vania and Ohio. The superior con- 
struction of stacks, more complete 
utilization of heat, etc., enables 
Southern masters to make 
more iron than they made 
ten years ago, though they 
now operate fewer plants 
than they did then. 

Southern iron 
furnaces have been 
running full time 
when those of the 
North and West 
have been shut 
down from time to 
time. The reason 
for this is that the 
Southern furnaces, 
as a rule, are most 
economically situa- 
ted as regards their 
supply of coke, ore 
and limes ton e. 
Northern and West- 
ern furnaces buy 
their ore from the Lakes and their coke from 
Connellsville or Pocahontas. The Southern 
furnaces own their coal mines, coke ovens, ore 
mines and limestone quarries, and themselves 
mine all their raw material. They pay no profits 
to coal miners, ore miners or coke makers. 
They have also another advantage. While the 



Northern furnaceman ships his ore from the 
Lakes to Pennsylvania, and the Western fur- 
naceman ships his coke from Connellsville or 
Pocahontas, in either event at a great cost for 
transportation, the Southern furnaceman mines 
all his coal, ore and limestone, and makes his 
own coke, within a radius of less than ten miles 
from the furnace. All the raw materials are 
found in the valleys together — the coal on one 
side, the ore on the other side, and the limestone 
between the two, frequently not more than four 
miles from the coal to the ore. Hence Southern 
iron can be exported at good profit, while the 
Northern and Western iron cannot. It costs 
from §3 to $4 less to make a ton of pig iron in 
the South than it does in the most favored dis- 
tricts of the North and West. 

COAL. 

Mining in 
the South, not- 
withstanding 
the enormous 
production, is as 
yet practically 
in its infancy, 
and the extent 
of the coal fields 
and the magni- 
tude of their 
possible produc- 
tion are but dim- 
ly appreciated. 
It has been esti- 
mated that the 
area of profitable production of the coal fields 
of the South is over four and one-half times 
that of Great Britain, while the coal is all of 
excellent quality. The importance and value 
of this coal region is greatly increased owing 
to its close proximity to the ores and lime- 
stones entering into the production of pig iron. 
The coal has, however, outside of this use, other 
possibilities. The Southern Railway is shipping 
coal to Brunswick, there to be distributed to 
Europe, ]\Iexico, South America and India. 
When the immense coast that can be cheaply 
reached is considered, and the fine Mexican and 
South American trade that lies all undeveloped 
and waiting, it will be perceived that the great 
coal treasures of the South can find a ready 
market — a market the greatness of which at the 



present time the most sanguine of Southern 
enthusiasts scarcely realizes. 

In 1880 the Southern States mined 3,756, 144 
tons, while in 1S96 there were mined in five 
States alone, all reached by the Southern Rail- 
way, 13,238,547 tons, valued at $10,973,277, as 
shown by the following table: 

1SS7. iSSrj. 1S02. 1896. 

Virginia 795.263 816,373 637,986 1,254,723 

Kentucky i,933.iS5 2,399,755 1,231.110 3-333>47S 

Tennessee 1,900,000 1,967,297 2,092,064 2,663,106 

Georgia 313.715 180,000 215,498 238,546 

Alabama 1,950,000 2,900,000 5529,312 5,748,696 

Total 6,892,163 8,263,427 9,705,970 13,238,549 

Coincident with the coal-mining industry is 
that of the manufacture of coke, and an article 
on the coal interests of a section would be 
incomplete without a mention of the sister and 

dependent indus- 
try — the manu- 
facture of coke. 
In this respect 
the Southern 
States have 
made strides 
_. equal to, if not 

B^ exceeding, the 

remarkable de- 
velopment of 
.,..,—_ ^ ^ their coal mines. 

IV ■• " ' M^: Coke-making be- 

gan in most of 
the States be- 
tween I S 7 5 and 
"^iM^^mt^^tl^^^^^^^^^M iSSo. Compare 

the latter year 
with the record of 1S96 and observe what has 
been done. Alabama's output of coke increased 
from 60,781 tons in 1880 to 1,479,437 tonsin 1896, 
more than twenty-four times; Tennessee's prod- 
uct, 1896, was two and one-half times that of 
1880; and Kentucky's six times. There was no 
coke made in Virginia in 1880; in 1896 the ovens 
yielded 268,081 tons. The total production of 
coke in the five coke-producing States reached by 
the Southern Railway was almost ten times that 
of 1880. The history by half decades, as shown 
in the Chattanooga Tradesman, is as follows: 

tSSo. 1885. iSqo. iSq6. 

Virginia 49.139 165,847 268,081 

Georgia 38,041 70,669 102,233 53.673 

Alabam.-i 60.7S1 301,180 1,072,942 1,479,437 

Tennessee 130,609 218,842 348,728 339,202 

Kentucky 4-250 2,704 12.343 27,107 

Total 233,681 642,534 1,702,093 2,167,500 





TOBACCO. 

Tradition has it that one stormy \i f-fj| 
night there were gathered at the 
Mermaid Inn, London, bluff old Ben Jonson, 
Shakespeare, Beaumont, and a half dozen 
other genial spirits, when in walked Sir Walter 
Raleigh, and throwing down on the table some 
pipes and tobacco, invited them all to smoke 
and showed them how. Shakespeare is said to 
have remarked that it was anticipating things 
a little to smoke in this world, but Jonson, he 
of ready tongue, after the first pipeful ex- 
claimed: "Tobacco, I do assert without fear 
of contradiction from yon Avon skj^lark, is the 
most soothing sovereign and precious weed that 
ever our dear mother earth did tender to the use 
of man. Let him who would contradict that 
mild but sincere assertion look to his undertaker. 
Sir Walter, 3'our health! " 

From the earliest daj's of the settlement of 
the South, tobacco has been one of the main 
agricultural crops. It was long the chief source 
of wealth, and for nearly two hundred j^ears the 
principal currency, of the Colonies, and the first 
loan ever negotiated by the United States 
Government was made payable in it. Upon 
tobacco all other values were based, and because 
of the greater profit in growing it the other 
agricultural interests were neglected. Prior to 
the Revolutionary War exports of tobacco had 
rapidly increased with each year, but during 
that period its culture in other countries attained 
considerable proportions, and when peace was 
restored the foreign market presented a new 
element of competition, and American tobacco 



exports have not since that time increased in 
nearly so great a ratio as before. Its cultivation, 
however, has extended over all of the Southern 
States, some growing small and others 
large quantities. Since 1870 Virginia, 
which had been up to that time the 
greatest producer, has ranked second, 
Kentucky taking the lead. 

A cursory review of the history of 
tobacco-growing presents many points 
of interest. Probably the first mention 
of it was made by Columbus on his first 
voyage, in 1492, when he found the 
natives using it, and later, on his 
second voyage, in 1494, Friar Pane, 
who accompanied him, spoke of its 
use for both chewing and as snuff. 
Columbus told further that these natives 
chewed and smoked an herb having a pun- 
gent yet aromatic smell and bitter taste, called 
cogiaba or cohiba. In 1503 the Spaniards found 
the natives of Paraguay using it, and in 15 19 
or 1520 it is mentioned as tobasco. In 1559 
some leaves were sent from San Domingo to 
Europe by Hernandez de Toledo, and a little 
later Jean Nicot, envoy from the court of France 
to Portugal, sent to Queen Catherine de Medicis 
some seed. Through this circumstance it was 
named Herba Regina, and, in honor of the 
minister, Nicotina. Still later, in 1565, Sir 
John Hawkins carried some leaf from Florida to 
England, and in 1584 a member of Sir Richard 
Grenville'se.Kpedition, which, under the auspices 
of Sir Walter Raleigh, discovered Virginia in 
1585, told of the herb, saying that the natives 
called it " uppowac," but that in the West Indies 
the Spaniards called it "tobacco." He goes on 
to say that the "leaves thereof Being dried and 
brought to powder, they (the natives) used to 
take the fume or smoke thereof, by sucking it 
through pipes made of clay into their stomache 
and head." 

In 1610 the first secretar} Virginia 

colony wrote: " Here is a great store of tobacco 
which the savages call apooke, howbeit, it is not 
of the best kind; it is but poor and weak, and of 
a byting taste. . The savages here dry 

the leaves of tii _ ^ -.e over the fier, and some- 
times in the sun, and crumble it to powder — 
stalks, leaves and all — taking the same in pipes 
of earth, which they very ingeniously can make. " 
In 15S5, when Sir Richard Grenville returned 



23 



to England, he carried with him both pipes and 
tobacco, as did also Sir Ralph Lane, who was 
sent out by Sir Walter Raleigh as the first 
governor of the colony, and returned to England 
in 1586. 

The first eiTorts at cultivating the plant 
appear to have been made in 1612, by John 
Rolfe, husband of Pocahontas. So successful 
was he that tobacco cultivation became a mania 
with the colonists, and in a short time little else 
was grown or thought of. In 16 17, Captain 
Samuel Argall, the new governor, says that all 
the public works and buildings in Jamestown 
had fallen to decay; "the market place, streets 
and other spare places planted 
with tobacco and the colony dis- 
persed all about, as every man 
could find the properest place and 
best conveniency for planting." 

About this time, because of 
much complaint among the col- 
onists, most of whom were yoimg 
unmarried men, and the return 
of a number of them to P>ngland, 
a shipment of "ninety respect- 
able young women " was made 
to supply them with wives and 
induce a permanent residence; 
each man who selected a wife 
paying one hundred and twenty 
pounds of tobacco for her trans- 
portation. 

Among the products of the 
Southland the tobacco plant stands second in 
value only to cotton. The greatest producing 
States are all traversed by the Southern Rail- 
way, and the leading markets are tributary to 
its lines. Danville, Va. , the largest loose to- 
bacco market in the world, Richmond, the 
home of the cigarette and the "Mixtures" 
smoking tobaccos, Durham, N. C, Reidsville, 
Lynchburg, Winston-Salem, Asheville, Greens- 
boro, Raleigh, Louisville and others are all 
located on the line of the Southern Railway. 

The combination of soil and climate seems 
to be a perfect one in the South for the produc- 
tion of tobacco, and in many sections, notably 
the tidewater region of Virginia, the Cuban and 
Latokia varieties are being successfully grown, 
while the "bright" varieties flourish and are 
profitably produced in the Piedmont region of 
Virginia and in North and South Carolina. 



Kentucky leads all the Southern States in the 
total amount of its production, with Virginia, 
North Carolina -and Tennessee next in order 
named. 

In 1896 the tobacco crop of the coimtry 
amounted to 403,004,320 pounds, produced on 
594,749 acres, and was valued at $24,258,070. 
This is about forty dollars an acre. Of the 
total production 306,445,030 pounds were grown 
in the eight States traversed by the Southern 
Railway. North Carolina tobaccos average 
higher than those of any other State save Con- 
necticut, where the tobacco produced is almost 
exclusively adapted to cigar making. 




Some idea of the magnitude of the tobacco 
business may be had from the annual report of 
the United States Commissioner of Internal 
Revenue. It shows that during the past j^ear 
there were manufactured 4,048,463,306 cigars 
from 75,938,866 pounds of cigar leaf; 4,967,- 
444,232 cigarettes, 153.397,907 pounds of plug 
tobacco, 11,761,690 pounds of fine-cut chewing 
tobacco, 83,548,984 pounds of smoking tobacco, 
and 12,708,919 pounds of snuff. 

TIMBER. 

The Southern States contain at present the 
largest amount of marketable timber standing 
in any section of this continent, and 39.5 per 
cent, of her area is wooded, as against 18.2 per 
cent, for the entire country. 

Although larger amounts are claimed as 
standing on the Pacific coast, these are, by 



24 





reason of the distance from places of consumption, practically for 
the most part out of the market, and are being decimated by reckless 
lumbering and fires so rapidly that even in amount they 
will soon be less than the Southern resources. Prof. 
B. E. Fernow, Chief of the Forestry Division of the 
U. S. Geological Survey, says the South contains 
not only the largest amount and the greatest varietj'- 
of hard woods, but it also contains in the greatest 
abundance and perfection that most important class 
of timber which furnishes three-quarters 
of our lumber consumption — the pine and 
its coniferous substitutes like the cypress, 
cedar, spruce and hemlock. The import- 
- ance of this fact will appear more strik- 
ingly in a few years, when the white pine 
supplies of the Northern States will have 
been decimated and brought to a subordi- 
l^nrite condition. At present, of the nearly 
' ' thirty billion feet of pine and other conifer- 
ous lumber used in the United States, the 
Northern States furnish the bulk, the 
Southern States a little over one-quarter. 
But presently the white pine of the North, 
which now reaches an annual output of 
eight to twelve billion feet of material, will 
gradually decrease, in fact it has already 
begun to decrease, and in the same pro- 
portion the output of Southern pine must 
increase. Northern lumbermen are in- 
vesting in Southern pine rapidly, and in 
a few years the center of lumber produc- 
tion will be found south of the Ohio and 
Potomac rivers. 

The Southern pine belt, stretching 
with a width varying from i oo 
to 200 miles along the Atlantic 
and Gulf coasts, and contain- 
ing nearly one hundred and 
fifty million acres, contains not 
CSS probably than twenty-five 
million acres of unculled virgin 
piue, and altogether probably over two 
hundred billion feet of standing pine. 
The quality of this pine is world re- 
nowned, especially that of the Longleaf, 
Yellow or Georgia varieties, and their 
associates the Cuban pines, which for strength 
and durability excel all other pines of the 
market. It is the material for heavy con- 
struction par excellence^ while the Shortleaf 
and Loblolly pines furnish excellent finishing 
material. 



fm 



fT" 



K'ar 



25 



In addition to the wood, these pineries 
furnish annually from seven to eight million 
dollars' worth of naval stores, rosin and spirits 
of turpentine; and, as investigations of the 
Division of Forestry of the United States Agri- 
cultural Department have lately shown, without 
impairing the value of the wood. 

A most excellent and pleasing substitute 
for white pine in house finishing is furnished by 
the bald cypress, the Big Tree of the South, 
which haunts the swamps along the rivers. Its 
lasting qualities in contact with the soil, or in 
the shape of shingles on a roof, have long given 
it foremost rank among durable woods. 

The mountains of Georgia, Tennessee and 
North Carolina contain considerable though 
scattered areas of the northern conifers, white 
pine and spruce, while hemlock skirts the moun- 
tain streams. But the features which have made 
these mountain forests famous are the big tulip 
trees and magnificent development of oak and 
other hard woods. Trees of diameters over five 
and six feet, and one hundred feet to the first limb, 
are not uncommon. This large-sized material, 
to be sure, is not found spread over the whole 
mountain range, but occurs in coves and small 
areas here and tliere. Being to a degree secluded 
and distant from means of transportation, it has 
been waiting for enterprise and development, 
which would justify the extension of railroads 
into its territory. 

The States of Kentucky and Tennessee and 
the northern parts of Georgia, Alabama and 
Mississippi participate in this wonderful hard- 
wood growth, especially along the many river 
courses, the Mississippi and Yazoo deltas con- 
taining the largest continuous areas of hard 
woods, being particularly rich in oaks. The 
variety of woods and the size to which Northern 
species develop here are astonishing. 

]\Iore than two hundred species may be 
found as constituting the Southern hard-wood 
forest, of which at least forty-five are of high 
economic value at present, while others will be 
better appreciated when necessity arises. Among 
the most important are several species of white 
and red oaks, attaining sizes of four to five feet, 
with clear trunks fifty to sixty feet; the chestnut 
oak, furnishing best tanning materials for the 
leather industry; tulip poplar, five to six feet 
and more in diameter, towering over 150 feet 
above the rest of creation ; ash and hickory of 



excellent dimensions and quality; red gum, 
vying in size with the ttilip trees, only a few 
years ago despised, now a well-established 
article; chestnut, beech, elm and hackberry, 
not to forget black walnut and cherry, of which 
the South still claims available supplies. 

If the center of pine lumber production is 
soon to be in the South (766,429,000 feet were 
cut in 1896 in the States reached by the 
Southern Railway), the center of hard-wood 
hmiber production has for some time been 
located there. 

STONE AND MINERALS. 

The South has an opulence of building 
material both above and below ground. The 
forests with their giant trunks for joist and 
rafter find a complement in the quarries of 
granite, marble and other building stone for 
foundation, wall and ornamentation. Without 
a single ship from Tarshish or a cedar from 
Lebanon the South could duplicate the temple 
of Solomon, drawing every needed material 
from within her own rich borders, even to the 
gold for the candle-sticks and the precious gems 
to sparkle from the altar. 

The marbles of East Tennessee are second 
only to those of Carrara. There are over two 
hundred varieties of them, each distinct from 
the others. The exquisite tints and varie- 
gated beauty of one variety are the admiration 
of every visitor to the Capitol and the new Con- 
gressional Library at Washington, and other 
State and national buildings throughout the 
Union. The output of the Tennessee quarries 
reaches into millions of dollars. In North Caro- 
lina and every State reached by the Southern 
Railway there is found building stone of the 
highest quality and in an abundance that makes 
quarrying profitable. 

In several of these States, moreover, there 
are precious metals in paying amounts, notably 
in Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia. Sur- 
prising as it may seem to those who have come 
to look upon the far West and the far North as 
the only gold regions, the South has produced 
over $45,000,000 worth of the yellow metal, 
more than §3,000,000 having come from a sin- 
gle North Carolina mine. The Government 
mints report that from the beginning of the 
century to the present time the amount of 
gold produced in Virginia has been $3,203,000; 



26 



North Carolina, $21,700,000; South CaroHna, 
$3,581 000; Georgia, $16,101,000; Alabama, 
$420,000, and Tennessee, $166,000. 

EDUCATION. 

Aside from developing her material inter- 
ests the people of the South have always taken 
a most earnest interest in the things which make 
for better citizenship, notably in the direction 
of the education of her young. During the past 
thirty years, five hundred and thirty milli9n 
dollars have, according to the most competent 




estimates, been 
expended in the 
South in the build- 
ing and maintenance of th 
schools and colleges. There i 

not a community in all thi _:^____i 

South where there are not am- 
ple common school facilities, and in all the 
States there are universities of high rank, and 
numerous denominational and non-sectarian col- 
leges, seminaries and academies. Many technical 
and industrial schools have been established 
and are in flourishing condition, and education 
for the hands as well as the head is provided. 

The South now has 100,115 teachers at 
work, four times as many as in 1880; and has 
4.932,476 children in attendance at its public 
and private schools. It is spending $19,876,464 
a year for public education, or nearly four times 
as much as it did seventeen years ago. 

This good work has been done without 
increasing the tax rate or the indebtedness of 
the South. As a matter of fact, that indebted- 
ness has been materially reduced, and now 
represents mainly the investment of the educa- 
tional, charitable and other funds of the State. 



PORTS. 
The Southern Railway meets the sea at 
Norfolk, Va , where it has extensive wharf 
facilities at Pinner's Point and West Point, Va., 
and at Brunswick, Ga. At each of these places 
it transfers to the coastwise and foreign-bound 
ships the products in raw and finished materials 
from the mine and mill, and enormous quanti- 
ties of cotton, grain and fruit. 

Baltimore, with its great maritime inter- 
ests, is also brought into touch with the 
Southern Railway system by the Baltimore, 
Norfolk and Richmond Steam- 
boat Company, which is owned 
by the railway, and which oper- 
ates a line of high-class steamers 
between Baltimore, West Point 
and Norfolk. At Richmond the 
Southern Railway connects with 
the various river lines and the 
Old Dominion Line for New 
York. To the westward its water 
gateways are at Cincinnati and 
Louisville on the Ohio River, 
and Memphis, Tenn. , and Green- 
ville, Miss., on the Mississippi. 

The Eastern harbors are 
much nearer the wheat, grain 
and meat producing districts 
than any of the North Atlantic 
ports. St. Louis, for instance, 
is S50 miles, air line distance, 
from New York, 750 from Nor- 
folk and West Point, Va., and 650 from 
Brunswick, Ga. In the adjustment of future 
transportation problems these distances will be 
leading factors, the vSouthern Railway having 
the additional advantage of never being blocked 
b}' snow or ice. Already the exportation to 
Europe of Western grain and meat products 
has grown to impres- 
sive figures through 
Norfolk and Bruns- 
wick, and it has 
been established 
that there is 
no commercial . 
reason why 
the movement 
may not grow 
to enormous 
dimensions. 




27 



The growth of shipping- to and from the 
Southern ports has been the marvel of the 
maritime world. One port showed a gain in 
exports of breadstuffs alone in the year 1897 
over 1896 of 137 per cent., another 171 per cent. 
The latest figures of the statistical department 
of the United States Treasury Department show 
that the increase of exports of this class at 
the four chief Northern ports in 1897 over 1896 
amounted to $7,019,540, or 74 percent., while 
the increase from the four chief Southern ports 
was $7,944, 151, or 163 percent. 




While these figures cover but one line of 
goods, the increase in other products was equally 
great, the variety of exports being greater 
with each succeeding year. 

MOUNTAINS. 

No other mountain region is to be in any 
way compared with the magnificent section in 
the western portion of North Carolina and east- 
ern Tennessee poetically called "The Land of 
the Sky." Here are forty-three distinct peaks 
higher than Mount Washington, eighty which 
are more than five thousand feet in altitude, 
and countless scores exceeding four thousand. 
From one of these "fortresses of nature " seven 
different States may be seen and the eye may 
bring within its span fifty thousand square 
miles, a wild billowy area where range after 
range of forest-clad peaks follow each other as 
waves chase up a beach. 

The Appalachians, as the various mountain 
ranges are called which constitute the great 
eastern border mountains of North America, 
and reach their highest altitudes in western 
North Carolina and eastern Tennessee, origi- 
nated ages ago in processes of upheaval and 



were completed just after ihe close of the car- 
boniferous period. They are composed of great 
masses of sedimentary rock which once lay be- 
neath the sea. Their history is a long one, and 
to the geologist and physiographer one of great 
interest. The arrangement of narrow valleys 
and linear ridges presented in this mountain 
system is such as to make a type of topography 
which is nowhere else on earth so characteristi- 
cally and extensively developed. The Appa- 
lachians have a generally southwesterly and 
northeasterly trend for over one thousand miles, 
and extend from southern New York through 
the States of Pennsylvania, Marj^land, Virginia, 
Tennessee, North Carolina and South Carolina, 
terminating in northern central Alabama. 

In Pennsylvania the range reaches an eleva- 
vation of 2,000 feet above the sea, or 1,000 to 
1,500 feet above the adjacent Cumberland Val- 
ley. At Harper's Ferry the historic eminences 
of Maryland Heights and Loudon Heights 
overlook the Potomac at an elevation of 800 
feet. Southward through Virginia, however, 
the range becomes broader and higher. Forty- 
five miles below the Potomac is Mount Mar- 
shall, 3,150 feet high, and a short distance 
farther, near Luray, Stony Man and Hawk's 
Bill, 4,031 and 4,066 feet, respectively. These 
are the highest summits of the Blue Ridge north 
of North Carolina. 

The Piedmont Plain in Virginia, which the 
main line of the Southern Railway traverses, 
extends along the southeastern base of the 
Appalachian Mountains. Its surface has a gen- 
tle eastward slope from an altitude of about 
1,000 feet at the western edge to 250 or 300 
feet on the east, where it merges into the 
Coastal Plain. 

Through Virginia, North and boutli Caro- 
lina and part of Georgia the western limit of 
the Piedmont Plain is along an irregular line in 
which the gentle slope of the etched plain 
changes to the steeper slopes of the Blue 
Ridge. 

The most striking characteristic of this 
range is the great difference in slope of its 
opposite sides. The streams heading in the 
gaps upon the divide flow westward in broad, 
smoothly rounded and drift-filled valleys for 
miles before entering the narrow rock - cut 
gorges of their lower courses. Those flowing 
eastward, on the other hand, plunge immediately 



29 



downward in a series of cas- 
cades, falling several thousand 
feet in a distance of a few miles. 
They have no valleys, only V- 
shaped gorges, until the^^ reach 
nearly to the level of the Pied- 
mont Plain. This difference in 
slope is admirably shown on 
the line of the Southern Railway 
from Salisbury, N. C, to Ashe- 
ville. From Asheville eastward 
the road ascends the valley of 
the Swannanoa with an easy 
grade, making directly for the 
gap. Passing the divide it de- 
scends upon the headwaters of 
the Catawba by an intricate 
series of loops, winding back 
and forth upon the mountain 
side. Reaching the level of the 
Catawba at an altitude of 1,400 
feet, the road again follows a 
broad valley with an easy grade 
down to the Piedmont Plain, 
which it reaches fifty miles to 
the eastward, at an elevation of 
1,000 feet. 

Compared with the Blue 
Ridge, the Unaka Range, in 
western North Carolina and 
eastern Tennessee ("The Land 
of the Sky "), reaches a consid- 
erably greater average altitude, 
and contains most of the higher 
peaks in the Southern Appa- 
lachians. While the former 
contains only four points above 
5,000 feet in altitude, the 
Unakas have a large number 
above 5,000, and about two score 
are above 6,000. Not only are 
they higher, but their slopes are 
steeper and their outlines more angular and 
rugged. The mountains are equally steep on 
both sides, and slopes with a descent from crest 
to stream of 4,000 feet are not uncommon. 
Many high spurs leave the central chain, and 
between them are deep V-shaped ravines. 

From any commanding point along the 
Unaka Range there may be seen stretching to 
the east and south a great sea of peaks, ridges 
and domes. There is no dominating range, 




but most of the peaks reach nearly the same 
altitude, and appear like the waves on a choppy 
sea, range after range growing less and less dis- 
tinct, .-ntil their outlines are barely distinguish- 
able from the blue sky at the horizon. The 
cultivated valleys are generally hidden from 
view, and except for an occasional clearing on 
the mountain sides, and the grassy "balds" on 
a few of the higher domes, the whole region 
appears to be covered with a forest mantle. 



30 



Only rarely does a ledge of naked rock appear 
through the vegetation, so that the slopes are 
smoothed and softened and the landscape lacks 
the rugged character of unforested mountain 
regions. The atmospheric effects also tend to 
produce the same result. The blue haze, which 
is almost never absent from this region, and 
which is recognized in the names of both the 
Blue Ridge and the Great Smoky Mountains, 
softens the details of objects comparatively 
near at hand, and gives the effect of great dis- 
tance to peaks but a few miles away. By 
reason of this atmospheric effect these moun- 
tains of only moderate altitude often afford 
more impressive views than heights and dis- 
tances two or three times as great in the clear 
air of the West. 

A very large number of the interior sum- 
mits reach altitudes between 4,000 and 5,000 
feet, and a few are over 6,000. The Black 
Mountains, a few miles north of Asheville, 
contain the highest peaks in the Appalachian 
Mountains. Mount Mitchell, altitude 6,711 feet, 
is the highest point east of the Mississippi, 
being 425 feet higher than Mount Washington. 

RESORTS AND CLIMATE. 

In the line of health and pleasure resorts 
the South is particularly fortunate, both as to 
the great number and to their wide variety. 
Many people, especially those living in the 
North and West, think of the South only as a 



Sk)' " in western North Carolina and eastern 
Tennessee. The average summer temperature 
at the mountain resorts in this region is several 
degrees lower than in either the White Moun- 
tains or in the Catskills. This is accounted for 





place to be visited in the winter season. As a 
matter of fact, there is no region in America 
which holds out greater induceiiients to the 
tourist at any season of the year, both as to scenic 
and climatic advantages, than the " Land of the 



by its altitude, which ranges irom 3, 200 to 6, 700 
feet above sea level. In winter this same sec- 
tion attracts thousands of visitors from the 
North because of its wonderful freedom from 
dampness. So remarkable is this climatic 
characteristic that the United States Govern- 
ment has issued special scientific bulletins in 
explanation. 

In summer this fair "Land of the Sky," 
of which Asheville is the commercial and social 
center, is one of the most enjoyable regions in 
all the world for recreation and rest. Of late 
years it has become what Switzerland is to 
Europe — an international playground. 

But the all-the-year-round pleasure 
and health resorts of the South are by 
no means limited to Asheville, Hot 
Springs and neighboring places in North 
Carolina. There is Lookout Mountain, 
as well as the Tate Springs and numerous 
others in Tennessee, the Lithia Springs 
and Brunswick, Cumberland Island and 
St. vSimon's Island in Georgia, the ever 
popular Old Point Comfort, Virginia 
Beach and others in Virginia, all of which 
are equally enjoyable to the visitor, 
whether his sojourn be during the winter 
or the summer season. 
Those resorts which are chiefly enjoyable 
in winter are of world-wide reputation. 

Augusta, Ga. , and Aiken, S. C, since their 
attractions, both health-giving and for recrea- 
tion, have become known, have grown into 



31 





/ 



40^ 

j 0^ "l^V great popularity. At each 
x^ > of these places there are hand- 
' '^ some and admirably appointed 

r hotels, as well as a varied assort- 

ment of opportunities for sport 
and amusement. The climate is of 
rare dryness, and of an evenness which is unex- 
celled. With the leading resorts of Florida — 
Jacksonville, St. Augustine, Ormond, Miami 



and Palm Beach on the east coast, and Tampa, 
Punta Gorda, Belleair and Tarpon Springs on 
the west coast, the public is familiar. The re- 
sorts patronized mainly in summer include the 
Blowing Rock region, Flat Rock, Tryon, Hay- 
wood White Sulphur Springs, and Linnville, 
North Carolina; Paris Mountain, Greenville and 
Caesar's Head, South Carolina; Warm Springs, 
Indian Springs, Tallulah, Mt. Airy, and Gaines- 
ville, Georgia; Roan Mountain, Oliver Springs, 
Hale Springs, Galbraith Springs, Montvale, Alle- 
gheny Springs, Mt. Nebo, Avondale, and Glen 
Alpine, Tennessee, and Monte Sano, Alabama. 

The last ten years have seen a revohition in 
the development of Southern pleasure places. 
A decade ago the purely resort hotels of the 
South, at which those accustomed to the refine- 
ments of life would be content to sojourn, 
could be counted on the fingers of one hand. 
To-day there are at least two score reached by 
the Southern Railway alone at which the enter- 
tainment is almost princely. 

Several of these are confessedly more beau- 
tiful, elaborate and costly than any others of 
the same character in America. As a rule the 
visitor will find awaiting him in all portions 
of the South excellently managed and thoroughly 
first-class houses in which the entertainment 
offered is such as to meet the approval of the 
most exacting traveler. 

As there exists a misapprehension regard- 
ing the summer climate in the South, the table 
presented on this page, giving the official U. S. 
Weather Bureau figures, will be of interest. 
W^hile there is between the South and the rest of 
the country little difference in the average tem- 
perature of the hottest months, there is a vast 
difference in that of the coldest months. 



;e Monthly and A; ;, ...^ Temperature in Central, Northern and Southern Cities 



STATIONS 

Asheville, N. C 

Augusta, Ga 

Chattanooga, Tenn. . 

Columbia, S. C 

Louisville, Ky 

Meridian, Miss 

Washington, D. C. . . 
New York Citv, N. Y 

Buffalo, N. Y' 

Boston, Mass 

Chicago, 111 

St. Paul, Minn 

Kansas Citv, Mo. . . . 



Jan. 



3S.3 

47-4 

40.6 

46.4 

32 

47 

32 

30 

24 

27 

23 

10 



25-4 



Feb. ilarch April 



39-1 
52.0 

45.9 
50.0 
39 -o 



45-5 
56.1 
50.8 
54-2 
45-9 
54.5 
41.4 
36.9 
30.0 
34-2 
34-1 
27-5 
40.5 



Mav 



62.6 

72. s 
68. 3 
72.0 
66.1 
70.4 
63.6 
59-5 
54-0 
56.5 
56.1 
57-5 
64.2 



June 



69-5 

7S.S 

75-6 

73 

74 

77 

71 

69 

65.0 

66.3 

66.7 

67.2 

73-4 



July 



72.5 

82. 2 

78. 3 
Si. 3 
78.8 
78.6 
77.6 
73.5 
69.7 

71-3 
72.0 

71.5 

77- 5 



Aug. 



70.6 

80.0 

76 

78 

75 

77 

73 



Sept. 



63-9 
75.4 
71.6 



69 

73 

67 

65 

62 

62 

64 

59-8 

67.5 



Oct. 



55. 
65. 
61, 
64. 

59- 
62. 

57-3 
55.0 
50.3 
51.9 
52.0 
47-1 
55-7 



Nov 



Dec. Annual 



54-4 
65.0 
60.3 
63 -7 
57-0 
63.7 
54.3 
51-7 
46.5 
48. 6 
48.3 
43-3 
53-2 



32 




SPORT. 

The opportunities for all varieties of shoot- 
ing and fishing in the South are most excellent, 
and the seasons are so extended that out-of-door 
life is enjoyable during the entire winter. 

Virginia and North Carolina have long been 
favorite regions for quail-shooting, and these 
swift-winged denizens of woodland and stub- 
blefield are undoubtedly more abundant in these 
two States than anywhere else north or south. 
They are to be found, however, in satisfactory 
numbers in all of the Southern States. In South 
Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Tennes- 
see and Mississippi they are usually very plenti- 
ful, but in the more southern regions they do 
not attain the size, nor are they as strong and 
swift of flight, as in North Carolina, Virginia 
and Tennessee. 

The great salt-water bays and marshes of 
the coast of North Carolina, South Carolina and 
Georgia teem with duclcs and geese, while brant 
and swan may be killed in large 
numbers in season. There is most 
excellent sport of this class also 
to be had on many of the streams 
in Alabama and Mississippi. 

The smaller water birds, such 
as rail, reed birds, snipe and 
plover, are plentiful all along the 
coast from Norfolk to Florida, and 
the sportsman will find especially 
good shooting of this class in thi 
neighborhood of Morehead City, 
N. C, and Brunswick, Ga. 

Woodcock are plentiful in 
many places in Virginia, North 
Carolina, Tennessee and Ken- 
tucky, and wild turkeys are found 
in all of the Southern States, being 
particularly abundant in Florida. 

While Virginia has long been a favorite re- 
sort for deer hunters, each of the other States 




offers good shooting. In Georgia, Florida, 
Alabama and Mississippi deer are especially 
plentiful, and are killed each season in such 
numbers as to astonish the 
average sportsman of the 
North. There 
are too many sec- 
tions where good 
shooting may be 
had to allow of 
enumeration. 

In the moun- 
tain regions of western 
North Carolina and eastern 
Tennessee many black bears are killed each 
winter by the hardy sportsmen who have the 
courage to undertake the work. 

The mountain streams offer the best of 
brook-trout fishing, and in several of those in 
North Carolina which have been systematically 
stocked the large rainbow trout are taken by 
the skillful angler in satisfactory numbers. 
Black bass are found in great numbers in Vir- 
ginia, the Carolinas, Tennessee and Kentucky. 

The region round about Brunswick, Ga , 
is the best on the Atlantic coast for salt-water 
fishing, an infinite variety of sea fish being 
taken in the nearby waters. 

There are many other places where most 

excellent luck will attend the sportsman, notably 

the famous resorts on the Gulf Coast 

and Florida. No section of the country 



(. 



*>«:!• 



^' 




r"? 



W 



IS ccjiiiparaDic to tne boutn to-aa)' in tnc 
great variety and quantity of game. There 
are excellent game laws in nearly all the States, 
and visiting sportsmen are always welcome. 



3.3 



FINIS. 

In the foregoing pages there has been pre- 
sented in a general way a record of the progress 
which the Southland has been making in the 
various lines of material development. A more 
detailed treatment will be found in the chapters 
upon the various States. 

The majestic current of prosperity and 
pi-ogress which is sweeping over the South is 
broadening with every swing of time's pendu- 
lum. Every ship that leaves her ports for 
foreign shores is heavier laden, every mile of 
railroad trackage is bearing the burden of 
greater trains. Her broad acres are intelli- 
gently tilled, and her harvests tell of abundant 
riches. The hum of her spindles has supplanted 
the old-time plantation melodies. Her towns 
are fast becoming cities. Her thousands invested 
in industrial enterprises are rapidly changing 
into millions. The mountains and valleys are 
lifting up their voices in the grand anthem of 
prosperity. 

From the turbid Mississippi to the Atlantic, 
and from the Ohio to the Gulf, an industrial 



evolution, more mighty in its significance, more 
powerful in its influence than any the world has 
ever known, is being wrought. The pulse beat- 
ings of this awakening are felt in every artery 
of trade and commerce in this and foreign lands. 
Sections in the North where generations have 
succeeded each other in controlling the markets 
in cotton goods, confess their inability to meet 
the more practical conditions of manufacturing 
in the South. Her people are in earnest, and 
have set their faces toward the goal of pros- 
perity with a determination kindled by hope 
and augmented by success already attained. 

The future of the Southland? By every 
right of material riches it should and will be 
more brilliant than that of any other section 
of the Union. Her gracious smile awaits the 
tide of incoming immigration. Her broad and 
sunny acres, her fertile mountain and hillside 
slopes, her rich valleys and crystal streams, her 
mines of coal and iron, her untouched forests, 
vast and majestic, all pulsate with quickened 
life and stretch forth the hand of welcome and 
the bright promise of prosperity. 




'r'^a^i 




A MOUNTAIN VESTIBUI.K TRAIN 




^OOOOQC 



/fmMm 



0> 



JOOOOOOi 




THE city of Washington, with its massive 
and historic national buildings, its 
miles of smooth avenues and countless 
beautiful and stately residences, its scores of 
elm-shaded parks and its picturesque suburbs, 
easily maintains its proud distinction of being 
the most attractive and alluring of our 
American cities. t 

Commercially or industriall}' considered, 
it is not great, but it is a great capital, 
and as such will ever be held dear to the 
hearts of all true Americans. 

,The charms of Washington unfold 
'•" themselves readily to any one 
who yield 



capital. Its very life, commercially and socially, 
is so closely interwoven with governmental 
affairs that all else is subverted and appears 
insignificant. The visitor finds within it a 
touch of Paris, a suggestion of Berlin, and 
definite impressions of various American cities. 
It is at once cosmopolitan and provincial, and 
? its aspects, like its population, are largely 
changeable. 

The physical transformation of Wash- 
ington from the miserable apology of 
a town that it was in the sixties to the 
magnificent city of to-day has been 

but little short of marvelous. The 

^^99V|f«<ff»rjj relics of the earlier days have almost 

wholly disappeared, and there have 

grown up in their stead 

many substantial and 





-^^gjjS?- 



THE CAPTTOL 



to their subtle influence. There is here no 
chilling air of forbidding reserve. The city 
gates are always open to the tourist, and the 
stranger once within them will find a host of 
interesting things to engage his time, whether 
he tarries for a day or a season. No city on 
the American continent is the counterpart of 
Washington. If comparisons must be made, 
then it is necessary to turn to Paris, Berlin 
or Vienna across the sea. It is essentially a 



modern structures which bespeak the touch of 
wealth and refinement. This is especially true 
of the residential section, which for variety 
of architecture and suggestions of refinement 
compares most favorably with any city on this 
continent. 

The chief center of interest in Washington 
is the Capitol, and it is impressive from whatever 
side and at whatever hour it may be viewed. 
No building in the world is its better in beautiful 



36 




li I « » « " 

, » ■ I f I 



THE CONGRESSIONAL LIHUAHV 



symmetry or majestic dignity. Its nearby 
neighbor, the newly completed National Li- 
brary building, is acknowledged to be without 
a peer on either side of the Atlantic in archi- 
tectural effect or decoration. At the other end 
of Pennsylvania Avenue, which is the great 
main artery of Washington, stands the Treas- 
ury Building, impressive beyond description in 
the very simplicity of its classic iaqade. Be- 
yond the Treasury, and surrounded by wide- 
spreading elms and velvety lawns, is the his- 
toric White House, about which cluster a 
myriad of our nation's fondest memories. 
From its rear porch one may look across a mile 
of beautiful mall, stretching away to the very 
edge of the placid Potomac, and see silhouetted 
against the southern sky the graceful lines of 
the towering Washington Monument. Near 
the White House is the magnificent granite 
structure occupied by the War, State and Navy 
Departments, and which will well repay the 
visitor for the time spent in visiting 
them. Southeast of the Monument 
is the huge building known as the Bu- 
reau of Engraving and Printing, in 
which the paper money of the Govern- 
ment is made. From the Potomac 
to the Capitol is a beautiful stretch 
f)f park, in which are located, 
amid a forest of stately trees 
and acres of beautiful lawns, 
the Smithsonian Institution, the 
National Museum, the Fish 
Commission Building, and at the 
eastern end of the park, and almost 
under the shadows of the noble 



Capitol, are the Government greenhouses 
and conservatories, surrounded during the 
summer season by a wilderness of 
beautiful flowers and rare plants 
and shrubs. 

Washington might well be 
called a city of parks, for in addi- 
tion to the nearly two hundred 
circles and triangular reservations, 
where the wide avenues named for 
the States cross the streets diago- 
nally, there are several large and 
beautiful squares rich in fohage, statues 
and ornamental flower beds. Outside the 
limits of the city proper there is an immense 
park area, including the Soldiers' Home 
grounds of three hundred acres and the Na- 
tional Rock Creek Park, which is nearly seven 
miles from end to end, and includes the most 
picturesque portions of the Rock Creek Valley. 
Turning from the beauties of nature in and 
about Washington to the beautiful in art will 
lead the visitor to the handsome new Corcoran 
Art Gallery, which embraces one of the finest 
collections of paintings in the country. It is 
one of the most frequented places in the city, 
and is open to the public daily. 

Situated on the south side of Pennsylvania 
Avenue, at the corner of Thirteenth Street, is 
the large and imposing administration building 
of the Southern Railway. As Washington is the 
gateway to the Southland from the North and 
East, there is a sentimental as well as business 
justification for locating here the headquarters 
of this, the greatest and most comprehensive 
transportati'. iu the South. 




THI-: WHITK HOUSK 




THE SOUTHERN RAILWAY BUILDING WASHlNliTON, D. C. 



'^ ,^4^*: 



'. '^n'X , 






THE traveler of to-day, surrounded by all the luxuries which the very 
mention of a vestibule limited train implies, and engrossed in the 
problems of modern business, will not, in any probability, as he speeds 
across the Old Dominion State, dwell upon the fast-fading legends and his- 
torical heirlooms of her Colonial days. Yet no other State is so rich in all that 
is interwoven with the early history of America and our nation as Virginia. 
She was the cradle of liberty, the natal place of several of our early Presi- 
dents, and also of those great leaders who hewed out the strong foundation 
timbers of our national structure. To her shores came the earliest colonists 
from England, and here it was that the first settlements took root-hold. So 
closely is the history of this great State intertwined with that of the nation 
that to tear them apart would be to destroy the fabric of both. 

There have been six epochs in the history of Virginia which mark as 
milestones the various periods of her existence. Each one stands to a certain 
well-defined degree apart from the others; each has produced its leaders and 
has e.Kerted its far-reaching influence upon the growth and development of 
the nation. First comes the period of settlement, to recite the history of 
which is to retell the story of the fortitude and struggles of the Jamestown 
colony. Following this are the Colonial days, in which there were duplicated 
in the Old Dominion the great estates, the princely entertainment and the 
aristocratic country-house life and the politics of England. Next in turn is 
the Revolutionary period, which gave us Washington, Jefferson, Henry and a 
host of other patriots. Then the era of Statehood. Subsequently, her with- 
drawal from the Union, and her vast influence on her sister States in the 
South, and to-day the progressive and intellectual modern commonwealth, 
resonant with the hum of the factory and workshop, rich in agricultural 
resources, and resplendent in achievement in all lines of human activity. 

Virginia has twice as many grand divisions as had the ancient Gaul of 
which Caesar wrote. These are the Tidewater, the Midland, the Piedmont, 
the Blue Ridge, the Valley of Virginia, and Appalachia, or the mountain 
country. These divisions not only succeed each other geographically, be- 
ginning on the cast, but they differ in relief, occupying different levels above 
the sea. From tlio Atlantic to tlie west they rise like a natural stairway, 
the top step in the mountains being 3,000 feet in elevation. 

Speaking broadly, the State may bo divided into a lowland and a high- 
land country. Its southeastern part — over 23,000 square miles, or rather more 
tlian hrilf of the whole State — has the aspect of a broadly undulating plain, 
that, with but few marked variations of relief, rises from the sea to from 400 
to Soo feet above that level. The northwestern portion, a part of the region 
widely known as the Atlantic Highlands, is one composed of approximately 
parallel mountain ranges, running entirely across the State from northeast to 
soutliwest, separated by nearly parallel valleys, some of them wide and others 
narrow, varying in breadth from a half mile to twenty-five miles — the whole 
surface presenting all the varieties of relief peculiar to the Appalachian 
country between the altitude levels of 800 and 5.700 feet. Speaking more 
accurately, however, the State is naturally divided into the six grand divisions 
above described. In climate, soil and product, as well as in elevation, these 
divisions vary. Taken altogether they offer an abundance and variety of 



39 



resources that invite the activity of the farmer, the fruit 
raiser, the dairyman,, the lumberman, the miner, the 
manufacturer. The Old Dominion was ever hospitable; 
she is especially so in the broad welcome she extends to 
every worthy enterprise. 

The State lies between the thirty-si.xth and thirty- 
ninth parallels of latitude, corresponding in geographical 
location to that of Southern Europe, Central Asia, 
Southern Japan and California. It has an area of 40, 125 
square miles, and of this only about fifty per cent, has 
been improved. It is this fact — by application of 
Ricardo's law of rent — that explains the low price of 
Virginia lands. Intending settlers do not require the 
large capital needed in many other places in order to 
embark in profitable industry in Virginia. 

The rolling plateau stretching along to the east of 
the Blue Ridge Mountains is known as the Piedmont 
region, and is bisected by the Southern Railway. It is 
one of the most beautiful as well as fertile sections in 
the Union, and is far-famed for the great variety and 
excellence of its fruit. It is essentially an agricultural 
region, and along its entire length and width are indis- 
putable evidences of material prosperity. Upon the trav- 
eler who is making his first journey over the Southern 
Railway between Washington and Danville 
the natural beauty and attractiveness of the 
Piedmont region will create a 
most favoratle and indelible 
impression. Wide-stretching 
and well-cultivated farms, 
upon which the 
houses and barns 
bespeak prosperity, 
patches of forest 
and meadow lands, 
herds of improved 
breeds of sleek cat- 
tle, and fields which 
tell of heavy har- 
vests, are the component and prominent parts of a whole 
which has few equals in any State. 

The Southern Railway enters the State at Alexan- 
dria, just across the historic Potomac from Washington, 




ALONG THE RAPIDAN RIVER, VIRGINIA 




A MEADOW [N 11 



MONT REGION OV VIRGINIA 




and leaves it on the southern edge four miles below 
Danville. From the main stem of the road numerous 
branch lines stretch out mto rich sections of the State or 
to its ports and commercial cen- 
ters. From Alexandria, a 
quaint old city dating back 
to 174S, hallowed by 
memories of Washing- 
ton and other famous 
men, a branch leads 
to the west through 
Arlington, Herndon 
and Leesburg to 
Round Hill. This 
is a popular subur- 
ban residence region 
with manjf Washing- 
tonians, who find the 
excellent train service 
gives them the opportunity 
of doing business in the city and living in a most salu- 
brious and attractive rural region. From Manassas a 
branch runs west and south by way of Strasburg to 
Harrisonburg, passing through an undulating, well- 
wooded and fertile farming section where there are 
evidences of thrift on every hand. From Calverton 
there is a short branch to Warrenton, a pretty little 
X'irgiuia town, and the center of a region famous for 
its fine old estates and modern stock farms. At 
Franklin Junction a line leads to Rock)- Mount, and 
from Danville the road has a branch to Stuart. At the 
former place the chief stem is joined by the Dan- 
ville & Richmond .Division of the Southern Railway, 
running through Richmond to West Point, passing 
on the way the towns of Sutherin, South Boston, 
BurkeviUe and Amelia Court House. 

No traveler across Virginia on the Southern Rail- 
way will fail to be impressed with the extreme 
beauty and evidences of thrift in the Piedmont sec- 
tion of the State. At Manassas, the first important 
place south of Alexandria, was fought the battle of 
August 29 and 30, 1862, the roar of which was heard 
even in Washington. Beyond is Calverton, then Cul- 
pepper, the home of the once famous minute men, 



^ 




:^'- 



■ft- ^- - 



HAKVKMING 

IN THE 

OI n DOMINION STATE 




who included in their membership John Marshall, after- 
ward Chief Justice of the United States. 

Twenty miles south of Culpepper the train rolls 
across the historic Rapidan, and shortly after Orange 
is passed, just beyond which is Montpelier, where a 
glimpse may be caught 
in passing of the home 
of James Madison, the 
fourth President. It is 
a beautiful region, all of 
it, from Alexandria to 
Charlottesville and then 
on south, passing North 
Garden, Amherst and 
Monroe to Lynchburg. 
Leaving this prosperous 
city the road follows its 
southwesterly course to 
Danville, passing on the 
way Lawyer's Road, 
with its nearby springs, 
Franklin Junction and 
Chatham. It is upon this 
portion of the route that 
the Blue Ridge Moun- 
tains begin to build up their shapely outlines against 
the western horizon. They add a charming variation to 
the pastoral beauty of Use valleys, and form a lovely 
panorama of which the traveler never tires. 

Beginning with agriculture, which a French savant 
once called "the nurturing breast of the state," it will 
be worth while to direct attention in more detail to 
the Old Dominion's breadth of riches. Here arc the 
farm products of the State for 1S96: Wheat, 5,724,913 
bushels; corn, 38,067.986; oats, 8,492,296; rye, 4:9,810; 
potatoes, 3,591.474; hay, 636,682 tons; tobacco, 57,961,260 
pounds. The lands of the State are not only fertile, but 
they are easily cultivated and are contiguous to the best 
markets. This latter fact particularly adapts the State 
to profitable truck farming. 

The truck farmers have made a great success of 
potato raising, and some of them have cleared as high 
as from $10,000 to $30,000 in a single season from this 
crop alone. 



MONTI'KLIER, VA,, FORMERLY T 
ON THE LINE OF THE 



Every variety of fruit which will grow in the tem- 
perate zone flourishes in the Piedmont region. The 
sunny slopes of the mountains have a peculiarly light 
soil, kept constantly fertile by the decomposition of rocks 
furnishing potash, and perennially moist by numerous 
springs. This soil is, therefore, admirably adapted to 
apples, and one of the most famous kind — the Albemarle 
pippin — has been brought to its highest perfection here. 
It is the favorite in foreign markets, and usually sells at 
three dollars or more a barrel on the trees, the buyer 
furnishing the barrels and doing the picking. 

Next in importance to the apple comes the grape in 
line of fruit. A peculiarity noted in the mo.st favored 
claret-producing vineyards of France is the large admix- 
ture of iron in the .soil. This is the characteristic of 
much of the soil of this section. The soil and climatic 
conditions of Virginia, when compared with the grape 
districts of Germany and France, present many striking 
similarities. The average ranges of the thermometer 
of this section and of those at Bordeaux and other 
vine-growing sections of Germany and France are very 
close together. In this rolling, hilly country, with its 
calcareous loam, or gravelly, loose soil, with a rocky 
sub-soil, f.-icilitating self-drainage, with exemption from 

heavy spring frosts and 
^ I :.. .-•. .-ai-]y frosts m autumn, 

ith rarely any excess of 
rainfall in the maturing 
months of June, July, 
August and September, 
are the most favored con- 
ditions for the vine. This 
is shown, as would be 
supposed, by the luxu- 
riant growth and fine 
quality of the native 
uncultivated grape. A 
wine-making industry of 
no small volume has in 
consequence prospered 
at several prominent 
cities of the region, not- 
ably at Charlottesville. 
The products of the cel- 
lars are the jjure fermented grape juice. If allowed to 
accjuire the "bouquet" that age alone can give, they 
stand successfully a comparison with some of tlie noted 
wines of Europe. The Piedmont region is properly 
called the "fruit belt" of Virginia, and 
its adaptability to fruits and vines, 
when properly developed, will easily 
make it the leading wine and fruit 
region of the Union. Peaches, nec- 
tarines, apricots, plums, cherries 
apples, pears and quinces are 
all indigenous to this section, 
and ripen in perfection as 
they yield in abundance. 

AH the best grasses grow 
in Virginia, and as a stock- 
raising and dairying section it ranks 
among the best. It is especially adapted 
for sheep farming. 



HE HOMI-: OF JAMES MADISON 
SOUTHERN KAII.WAY 



41 





ON A VIRfilN'lA SHEtP FAkM 



An inspection of the forestry maps that have been 
published by the United States Census and the Forestry 
Bureau of the Agricultural Department of the United 
States will show that Virginia occupies an enviable 
position in the variety and density as well as in the 
extent of its forest and timber-producing territory. It 
not only lies in the mid-temperate region, but it has a 
range of altitude from the sea level, where the long-leaf 
pines grow, to one of over 6,000 feet, where the cool, 
temperate-climate balsams are at home ; consequently it 
has a wide range of adaptations for the growth of forests 
containing many varieties of trees. 

The Tidewater country abounds in the long-leaf and 
other varieties of pines the lowland cedar or juniper, and 
various kinds of oak and other hard-wood trees. Its for- 
ests have been, from its first settlement, and will always 
continue to be, one of its principal sources of wealth- 

The Midland country is still largely a great forest 
land of oaks, pines and other valuable timber trees, and 
no better use can be made of lar.^'e portions of its territory 
than to preserve tliem for the production of lumber. 

The Piedmont country still has large timber areas 
which yield many varieties of trees, especially of hard 
woods of superior excellence for lumber. When any 
iwrtion of its lands are left uncultivated they are rapidly 
covered with a growth of timber. 

The Blue Ridge chain as a whole, with its innumer- 
able spurs, its intermediate coves and its amphitheatral 
valleys, is a perennial timber belt. Owing to its favorable 
conditions of elevation, exposures and climatic conditions 
its forests renew themselves, time after time, when cut 
down. Oaks of numerous kinds, white, yellow and other 
pines, tulip-poplars and other valuable timber trees here 
abound and furnish large quantities of lumber, railway 
ties, tanbark and telegraph poles. 



The Great Valley of Virginia, strange as it may 
appear, although so peculiarly adapted to grazing and 
agricultural pursuits by the richness of its lands, still 
has fully one-fourth of its area occupied by park-like 
forests, mainly of oaks, hickories and other hard-wood 
trees, with scattered pines, all of such a character as to 
furnish the kinds of lumber that the makers of agricul- 
tural implements, wagons, machinery and furniture espe- 
cially value for work requiring the best grades of timber. 
The Appalachian region of Virginia is peculiarly 
a forest-covered one. Its valleys and lower 
mountain ranges are occupied by a score 
or more of different kinds of valuable timber 
trees, including white, red, black, Spanish and 
other species of oaks, tulip-poplars, ash, linden, 
birch and other much-sought-for timber trees. 
Its higher valleys and mountain ranges are 
occupied by forests of white pine and other 
kinds of that valuable tree, red and chestnut 
oaks, birches, hemlocks and white and black 
spruce and other evergreen timber trees. This 
region will always be the source of abundant 
>;upply of car timber, railway ties, telegraph 
])oles, tanbark, wood for paper pulp and for 
lumber and timber of all the kinds demanded 
for manufacturing and structural purposes. 
During the past year the timber cut and mar- 
keted in Virginia was valued at $6,172,312. 
The waters of Virginia, like those of all maritime or 
ocean-bordering states, are of two kinds : i. Oceanic 
ivaters, those that are more or less saltish and in the 
main tidal. 2. Fresh ivaters^ generally superficial and 
fluvial, or flowing, like rivers and the tributaries and 
springs from which they are derived, but sometimes sub- 
terranean. 

Virginia is peculiarly rich in waters of both these 
classes, as an inspection of the hydrographic portion of 
any good map of the State will show. Us oceanic waters 
include not only its Atlantic front of nearly 120 miles 
and the extensive Virginian Sea and the great ocean- 
river of the Gulf Stream that lie beyond it, over a marine 
league of the front of which it has chartered jurisdiction, 
but also a great arm of the sea, Chesapeake Bay, the 



42 





PROMINENT I'OINTS OF INltUtSl IN KICHMUN1>, \A, 



only Mediterranean of the United States, which spreads 
itself and a half dozen of its great and hundreds of its 
smaller tidal arms through more than a fourth of the 
territory of the State. Its fresh ■waters are gathered 
by a score or more of important rivers and their branches, 
flowing in all directions and draining portions of five 
great catchment basins, from tributaries and springs 
well-nigh innumerable. 

Its tidal ways are abundantly developed and ad- 
mirably adapted to navigation, and many of them 
are broad, deep, and land-locked and laud-i^rotected 



estuaries in which the navies of the world might take 
refuge. 

Its fresh-w'ater rivers and their tributaries, unrivaled 
in number, meandering through every portion of the 
State, are generally well supplied with water during every 
season of the year, as they should be in this region of 
copious perennial rains and where the geological condi- 
tions are mostly favorable for retaining the precipitation 
on or near the surface. Nearly all of these have a rapid 
descent from the successive plain and mountain terraces 
of their sources, so that they not only water the land and 



43 




supply it with a vast 
amount of motive 
power, but also, 
a matter of equal 
importance, thor- 
oughly drain it. 

But few States 
offer greater in- 
ducements for 
manufacturing in- 
dustries than does 
Virginia. With her 
raw materials so numer- 
ous, abundant and con 
venient to sites adapted for 
manufacturing centers, and 
these in turn so convenient to mar- 
kets, she has all the conditions for great 
industrial progress. And the Old Do- 
minion is awake to her possibilities. 

New enterprises and industries are springing up on 
every hand, and capital is coming forth to promote and 
conduct them. 

Many of the more enterprising cities are offering 
most liberal inducements to new manufacturing estab- 
lishments, not only in the way of free sites but in 
exemption from municipal taxation for a longer or 
shorter term of years. 

Among the abundant raw materials of the State are 
many kinds of timber; iron ores of excellent quality; 
zinc and lead ores; coal, both bituminous and semi-bitu- 
minous; limestones for the manufacture of both archi- 
tectural and other hraes; brown stones, granites, and 
other building and ornamental stones; marls for fertiliz- 
ers; clays of all kinds for the manufacture of brick and 
tile, and numerous agricultural products for supplying 



THE HOTEL JF.FFEKSON 
RICHMOND, VA. 




A VIRGINIA KIVER 



flouring mills and establishments u.sing the products of 
farms and market gardens in their industries. Its oak 
forests supply vast quantities of tanbark, not only for 
exportation, but for the manufacture of leather. The 
soft-wood timber of its forests furnishes the material for 
paper pulp, and it has a number of large establishments 



for manufacturing the 
products of sumac 
and for making of 
; quercitron. Its ex- 
tensive patches of 
sassafras, especi- 
ally in Piedmont, 
supply numerous 
mills with the mate- 
rial for manufactur- 
ing sassafras oil. 
But Virginia, in the 
development of her nat- 
ural resources, does not lose 
sight of the cultivation of the 
mind. The most ample and gen- 
erous provision is made for a free pub- 
lic school system. The schools are open 
to all between the ages of five and 
twenty-one, and the minimum school term is five months 
in each year. In all of her educational work Virginia is 
keeping pace with her sister States and enlarging and 
broadening her educational system. In iSgi there were 
7,68() public schools in successful operation, with 7,718 
teachers and 342,720 pupils. In 1897 there were 8,529 
public schools in successful operation, with 367,817 
pupils. The total appropriation for public schools in 
1S97 was $1,827,003. 

Among the colleges are the University of Virginia, 
founded by Thomas Jefferson. It has four principal 
departments — law, medicine, scientific, and literary, and 
a large faculty of eminent instructors. It is also equipped 
with an extensive librarj', an astronomical observa- 
tory, and departments of natural history, chemistry, 
physics, and mechanics. The Virginia Military' Institute 
at Lexington was established in 1839, and has been 
in successful operation ever since. 
The Agricultural and Mechanical Col- 
lege at Blacksburg was established in 
1872, under a Congressional grant of 
public lands, and has a fine farm of 
338 acres in connection with the col- 
lege, where instruction in theoreti- 
cal and practical agriculture is given, 
and an agricultural experiment sta- 
tion is maintained. There is also a 
Female Normal School at Farmville, 
which has been in successful opera- 
ation since 1884. All the branches 
incident to a normal school are 
taught here. The College of William 
and Mary is the oldest in the State, 
and was chartered in 1693, and is 
now practically supported by the gen- 
eral government and is doing a good 
work. The Medical College of Vir- 
ginia is located at Richmond, as are 
the University College of Medicine, the Richmond Col- 
lege, and Hartshorn Memorial College. Then, there are 
the Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute at Peters- 
burg; the Hampton Normal and Collegiate Institute 
at Hampton; the Washington and Lee LTniversity at 
Lexington; the Randolph-Macon College at Ashland; 



44 



the Miller Manual Labor 
School at Crozet; the 
Hampton-Sidney College 
at Hampton-Sidney; the 
Roanoke College at Sa- 
lem ; the Emory and 
Henry College at Emory; 
the Episcopal Theologi- 
cal Seminary; the Union 
Theological Seminary ; 
Hampden-Sidney ; the 
Martha Washington Col- 
lege and Conservatory of 
Music; the Southern Fe- 
male College; the Ran- 
dolph-Macon College for 
young ladies at Lj-nch- 
burg ; the Polytechnic In- 
stitute at Blacksburg, 
and several female semi- 
naries at Staunton. 

It will thus be seen 
that the most ample pro- 
vision is made by Vir- 
ginia for education, from 
the public school to the 
university, and for all 
branches — agricultural, 
mechanical, scientific, lit- 
erary, and professional. 
In Virginia more than in 
any other State the old 
English method of pri- 
vate boarding schools 
still flourishes. 

The cities of Vir- 
ginia have ever been to 
the old mother State 
among her most precious 
jewels. The mother of 
the Gracchi was not more 
proud of her sons than is 
the Old Dominion of 
these daughters. They 
were centers of patriotic 
activity in earlier days, 
just as in this later time 
they have become busy 
centers of commerce and 
of manufacturing. 

Richmond, of course, 
by reason of her history, 
her population, her splen- 
did progress, is the first 
city and capital of the 
State and one of the first 
cities in the South. The 
glamour of her past does 
not blind her to the glory 
of the future. She is pul- 
sating with the broad up- 
ward movement that is 
everywhere advancing 






mWWWMHI f 



i- A i.i. -i. ^i.'^ 




^i 




SKATORT TERMINALS Of 



THF SOUIHF.BN RAII-WAV AT PINNER'S POINT, NORFOLK, VA. 




THE HOTFL CMXMBERl.lN, 1. [> POINT fOMFORT, \A. 

in the South. As showing her growth, she had in i8go a 
population of 8i, 3SS, an increase of about 28 per cent, over 
1880. Her present population is estimated at 125,000. 

Present figures show 16,883 persons employed in S67 
factories, whose capital amounts to $15,400,000, with sales 
for the past year of $31,569,665, her investment in manu- 
factures being $16,300,000, and her assessed valu- 
ation $66,696,958. 

Tobacco and iron manufactories are. 
of course, the most numerous and im 
portant, as Richmond is in the 
midst of a great tobacco countiy, 
and iron making in America orig- 
inated in the neighborhood of 
the city two and a half centuries 
ago Each year about four mil- 
lion dollars are paid for Rich- 
mond-made cigars, cigarettes and 
cheroots. The product of the many iron 
mills reaches an aggregate nearly as large. 

Richmond is a great jobbing center and her 
progressive merchants have extended her trade over 
the entire South and enlarged it till its annual aggre- 
gate exceeds $40,000,000. There are over 300 whole- 
sale houses in the city. The total business of the Old 
Dominion's stirring capital, as represented by the bank 
clearings, reaches each year over $150,000,000. 

With an excellent public school system supported by 
an appropriation exceeding $100,000, and several well- 
equipped colleges, the city sees to it that the important 
work of education keeps pace with rapidly advancing 
commerce. In a word, ia every phase of the broadest 
modern life Richmond is abreast of the times. 



The magnificent Hotel Jefferson at Richmond, erected 
at a cost exceeding $3,000,000 by the late Major Lewis 
Ginter, is one of America's most palatial hotels. It has 
become a most popular resort for tourists and travelers, 
who find it perfect in all of its appointments. 

Across the river from Richmond is the city of 
Manchester, a brisk manufacturing center of 10,000 
inhabitants. It has superb water power which is largely 
utilized. Here too are located repair shops of the 
Southern Railway. 

Norfolk is the largest port on the Atlantic south of 
Philadelphia. In her splendid harbor at the head of 
Hampton Roads, one of the finest in the world, are seen 
the flags of every maritime nation. Her commerce 
extends to every sea. She is the great water gateway of 
the South, through which the products of this might)' 
empire seek a market. Like Venice in the middle age 
meridian of her power, Norfolk is a modern "bride of 
the sea." The value of her exports for 1897 was 
SiS. 760,636. In 1S91 her exports amounted in value 
to $15,286,407. There are nineteen lines of steamships 
engaged in the coast and foreign trade with Norfolk as 




TMF. nVGF.tA HOTEL, OLD POINT COMFORT, VA. 

a terminal. One of these is the New Bay Line, operat- 
ing handsome steamers between Baltimore, Norfolk 
and Old Point Comfort. 

Aci-oss the harbor from Norfolk is Pinner's Point, a 
sea terminus of the Southern Railway. Here the railway 
already has three wharves, one 196 by 800, one 272 by 
800, and the other 270 by 800 feet, giving a total wharf- 
age of 73S by 2.400 feet. Of freight sheds there are four, 
one 190 by 700, one double shed 260 by 400, and a fourth 




■ fra «- mv:'. , t.ni .,^m •* ^ i ■ 




ilE HOTEI-S AND WHAKE AT Of.n POINT COMFORT, VA. 






252 by 700 feet, giving a total capacity of shed room of thirteen acres. Along 
these docks are railroad tracks to carry freight to the steamship's side. Five 
dock slips are already in existence, 200 by 800 feet each. There is a depth of 
water of twenty-seven feet at these wharves, which will accommodate boats of 
the largest class. No railway in America possesses better terminals, and there 
are but few such in the 
world. These ware- 
houses, piers and docks 
form almost a city of 
themselves. With its 
thousand laborers, its 
own water works and 
electric light plant, its 
own modern fire de- 
partment and alarm 
system ; with its miles 
upon miles of sidings, 
its powerful compress, 
its beautifully .system- 
atized methods of 
working — where noth- 
ing is confusion, but 

all order, whatever the one of the .'southern raii.w,\v n-w line steamers 

volume of work and 

seeming hurry— it is a most fascinating city either to the layman or transporta- 
tion expert who finds himself within its magic midst. It is a striking example of 
what energ5', when coupled with capital, can do, for all of this hive of industry 
but little more than a year ago was nothing more than a swamp, and where busy 
engines puff to-day, fifteen months ago tall reeds nodded and bowed to the wind. 
Through Pinner's Point (for this is the local name for the Southern terminals) 
pours the great volume o*: traffic between the North and the South, the West and 
the Southwest. From here sad steamers not only to the coast cities of the Union 
but to the ports of almost every nation. Nearly one-half of Norfolk's cotton 
traffic (and Norfolk ranks fifth among the Southern cotton ports) passes over its 
piers. Merchandise is handled here the value of which would stagger the mind. 

Norfolk has a growing grain trade, especially in corn. In 1SS8 the receipts 
of corn amounted to only 739,858 bushels. In 1895 there was an increase to 
4,266,493 bushels, and 
in 1896 the great jump 
to 13, 85.1., 454 bushels. 
With the increased 
railroad facilities 
of the port, the / 
growing favor 
of the harbor 
among vessel 
owners, and 
the evident ad- 
vantages for ex 
portation iu 
this city 
over points 
farther north 
and more distant from 
the grain fields, it is 
certain that Norfolk 
IS to be one of the 

great corn centers of the country. The receipts of wheat and oats in 1896 
amounted to about 900,000 bushels, a good increase over previous years. Nor- 
folk is the largest peanut market in the world. 

In addition to a large export business, Norfolk has an immense coasting 
trade, and during the season many hundred ves.sels leave her harbor every month 
with cargoes of strawberries, watermelons, and other fruits and vegetables, more 




bathing at VIRGINIA BEACH 



FORT MONv v 
OLD POINT COMFORT, VA. 








ONE OF THE BUtLDINRS AND THE OLD QUADRANGLE OF THE 
UNIVERSITY OF VIKGINMA AT CHARLOTTESVILLE 



than $5,000,000 worth having been shipped during the 
past season. This region is the center of the truck farm- 
ing, which employs 10,000 hands steadily and as high as 
25,000 during various portions of the year. The number 
in the fish and oyster business is 12,000. Railroad men, 
navy yard men and factory hands reach nearly 6,000. 
This army of wage earners put into circulation §5,000,000 
per annum. 

But Norfolk depends not alone on her great com- 
merce, for she is also the center of busy and prosperous 
manufacturing. Among her industries are the manu- 
facture of agricultural implements, men's clothing, fer- 
tilizers, flour, foundry and machine-shop products, lum- 
ber, and the ship-building and printing and publishing 
businesses. 

Outside her material interests the city is rich in many 
places of historic importance. In the ivy-covered walls 
of St. Paul's church, a centtiry and a half old, is em- 
bedded a cannon-ball fired from one of the British ships 



in 1776. The tomb- 
stones in the sur- 
rounding churchyard 
bear epitaphs dating 
back as early as 1673, 
and mark the resting 
place of many of Vir- 
ginia's earliest and most 
honored sons. 
Buoyed by a past of storied great- 
ness, Norfolk is pressing forward to the 
coming century with a dauntless faith in yet 
larger greatness in commerce, in industry, in 
every high work of progressive civilization. 
Nearb)' Norfolk are two of the most 
famous resorts in America, Old Point Com- 
fort and Virginia Beach. The former is 
upon the historic waters of Hampton Roads, 
which is formed by the confluence of Chesa- 
peake Bay and the James River. There are 
two hotels here, the Chamberlin, said to be 
the finest hotel on the Atlantic Coast, and 
the always popular Hygeia. The hotels adjoin Fort Mon- 
roe, one of the largest of the Government's military posts, 
and overlook the beautiful sheet of water which was the 





MONTICELLO. NEAR CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA 
ONCE THE HO.ME OV THOMAS JEFFERSON 



THE PRINCESS ANNE HOTEL, VIRGINIA BEACH 

scene of the great naval duel between the Monitor and 
the Merriraac, and which is now the winter station of the 
White Squadron. The peculiarly delightful cli- 
mate, added to the brilliant social life, has 
made Old Point a most popular resort in 
winter time for Northern people and in 
summer for visitors from the South. 

Virginia Beach, at which there is a 
modern hotel, the Princess Anne, is 
seventeen miles due east from Norfolk 
and directly upon the ocean. This 
beautiful resort is a favorite rendez- 
vous for people from Southern cities 
during the summer, and the hotel is 
always filled with guests during the 
winter from New York and the North. 
Another flourishing port of Virginia 
s West Point, situated north of Norfolk at 
the confluence of the York River with Chesa- 
peake Bay. The Southern Railway has for years had 
extensive docks and wharves here, and a very large 




shipping business in cotton, flour and lumber is done nearby Monticello lived Thomas Jefferson, the founder 
with North Atlantic ports, Europe, and South America. of the university and the author of the Declaration of 
The water is so deep that the largest vessels move abojrt;,. Jlndependence. Like Mount Vernon, it is a Mecca for 



easily. West Point is but 
twenty miles from Rich- 
mond. Its situation is ex- 
cellent for various kinds of 
manufacturing and for 
general business. King 
William County, in which 
it is situated, is mainly ag- 
ricultural, having some of 
the richest farming lands 
in Virginia. All grains, 
tobacco, and vegetables 
flourish. The territory trib- 
utary to West Point is es- 
pecially adapted to truck 
farming, and the waters 
abound in oysters and fish, 
which form a considerable 
portion of the town's industry, immense quantities being 
shipped to Northern markets daily. The climate is excel- 
lent, the average temperature being 59 degrees and the 
rainfall about 
42 inches. 

Turning 
from the Tide- 
water region 
to beautiful 
Piedmont and 
going south 
on the main 
line of the 
Southern 
Railway one 
reaches Char- 
lottesville, the 
seat of the 
University of 
Virginia, a 
charming lit- 
tle city, whose 
academic at- 
mosphere is 
tinged with 
the mellow 
light of a glo- 
rious past. At 




SOUTH SIDE FEMALE INSTITUTE, BC RKRV fl.l.E, VA. 



every patriot, and the pres- 
ent owner is always glad 
to give visitors the privi- 
lege of seeing the historic 
old homestead. Besides 
the University of Vir- 
ginia, which annually ex- 
pends in the community 
$350,000, there are located 
in Charlottesville the Pied- 
mont Female Institute, 
Albemarle Female Insti- 
riite, Charlottesville Semi- 
nary, the Miller Manual 
^•■-Labor School, Pantop's 
Academy and Jones's Clas- 
sical School. In all the 
South there is no city with 
more advanced educational institutions. While these 
may be termed the city's chief industry, Charlottesville 



also has the distinction of having the 




largest woolen 
mill in the 
South and of 
producing 
wines from 
the clustering 
vineyards of 
Piedmont 
that have won 
a world-wide 
and enduring 
fame. There 
are, too, fac- 
tories of va- 
rious kinds 
that hum with 
prosperous 
industry. It is 
a city wherein 
knowledge is 
the handmaid 
of industry, 
both making 
for the best 
things in mind 
and in matter. 



A LEAF TOHACCO / 




Continuing South from Charlottesville through the charming Piedmont region, 
which bespeaks prosperity and wealth on every hand, one comes to the fine old city 
of Lynchburg, situated on the banks of the James, approximately in the center of 
the State. The country tributary is noted for its fertile soil and uniform climate. 
The city has 25,000 inhabitants, and is growing steadily in commerce and manufac- 
tures, as well as in population. It is a busy jobbing center, having a large number 
of wholesale houses, which do an annual business of $13,000,000. Lynchburg has 
long been famous for its tobacco trade, the total sales of leaf tobacco 
being annually about 25,000,000 pounds. The banking capital of the 
city is $2,000,000, and over 400 firms are engaged in business. Its 
superior railroad facilities make it a natural assembling 
point for the products of mine, forest and field, and offer 
cheap transportation of the manufactured product to 
market. These advantages are attracting increasing 
attention to Lynchburg as a center for profitable 
manufacturing. It is a busy, thriving city, push- 
ing ahead on all lines of enterprise and industry. 
The growth of the city has not been in the 
nature of a boom, but upon the basis of 
steady increase from energy and enterprise. 
In all matters that affect the city's welfare, 
Lynchburg is fully abreast of the times. It 
has its streets paved, wherever practicable, 
with Belgian block. The city is lighted by 
electricity, and, notwithstanding the steep- 
ness of the hills, an electric railway passes around the 
entire city. 

The city is connected with the town of Madison 
by a free iron bridge across the James. The city is 
also connected with the suburb Rivermont by a splen- 
did iron bridge over Blackwater Creek, 1,200 feet in 
^tj^^^m^^^^^arK- - — ■• length, 60 feet wide and 132 feet high. It carries a 

f[ i M^^^HH^^ntlr RAILWAY STATION AND double clcctric railway, two roadways 20 feet wide, and 

I in^l^^B^IHHIr OTilER BUILDINGS I, '1 n^\. ■ 1 'J 

• : ^^^■■^nV^ OF LvNcHBiKG, VA. a nuie-foot walkmgway ou each Side. I his bridge con- 

nects with the great avenue, 90 feet wide, upon which is 
located Randolph-Macon Women's College, designed to give young women all 
the educational advantages that Randolph-Macon gives the young men. 

The public schools of Lynchburg, in which the city takes the highest pride, 
are on the most advanced plan, fully equipped with all modern appliances. The city in every way combines the 
attractions of a delightful place of residence with the advantages of a prosperous commercial center. 

The spirit of progress which is quickening the Old Dominion has nowhere been embodied more fully than in 
the transformation in two short decades of a small village on the Dan River into the enterprising city of Danville. 
This is largely due to the splendid water power aft'orded by the river, the banks of which are now occupied by 
modern manufacturing establishments. This progressive center of trade and industry now has a population of 
25,000, and enjovs tlie distinction of being the greatest market for loose leaf tobacco in the world, and, with 




THE FALLS OF THE DAS RIVER AT DANVILLE, VA., AND SOME OF ITS .M ANLFACTL'RING ESTABLISHMENTS 





THK RIVERSIDE COTTON MILLS, DANVILLE, VA. 



possibly one exception, the 
largest bright-leaf tobacco 
market in America, the auc- 
tion sales alone aggregating 
46.693.654 pounds during the 
year ending September 30, 
1897. The total value of this 
tobacco -was $3,013,983, ami 
the aggregate of sales docs 
not include at least 10.000,000 
pounds purchased by Danville 
leaf dealers elsewhere. Here, too, are lo- 
cated some of the largest cotton factories in tlie 

, South, with spindles aggregating 
over 40,000, and with an annual 
product exceeding a million dollars 

in value. The tobacco and cotton industries give employment to several thousand people, and 

hundreds more find remunerative labor in the flouring mills, in the box, wagon and chair 

factories, and in the city's large jobbing trade, which is in a most flourishing condition, 

and rapidly increasing. These prosperous industi ies represent Danville capital, the firm 

faith of the city in her own future. This fact in itself is the most reassuring evidence 

to intending investors that could possibly be offered. 

The city is connected with North Danville by a splendid modern iron bridge, 
making them one in their interest and business relations. The streets are well lighted 
by electricity. The water, gas and electric-light plants all belong to the 
city, which does not attempt to make money by these enterprises, but 
to furnish light and water at prices approximating cost. There are 
many handsome buildings, a fine new city hall, United States public 
building, a market-house, fine public school buildings, two bridges across 
the river, and a large suburban park now being attractively im- 
proved. There are also electric railways, telephone ex- 
change, free delivery of mails, beautiful theatre, and 
good hotels. The total value of church property is 
$205,800, and it is a remarkable fact that fifty per cent, 
of the population are church members. 

The school system of the city is most excellent, and 

the two female colleges are doing much to advance the 

sound and thorough education of young women. The 

Danville Military Institute has long maintained a 

high standing among institutions of its class. 

Danville, in its resident portion, is one of the 
most attractive of cities. As a home it oft'ers 
many advantages. It is a clean and fresh-looking 
town, and its people are open-handed and hos- 
pitable. Danville has shown her faith by most 
convincing works. Her reward is already great, 
and it is constantly growing. 

With Danville one leaves the Old Dominion, 
going on into North Carolina. This brief .survey 
of Virginia's resources, and of the enterprise that 
is busy developing them, will at least serve to 
show that the State is awake to her opportunities. Be- 
hind her are three centuries of splendid history ; before 
her is a dawning fourth century, rosy with promise. 
Virginia intends that it shall exceed in achievement all 
that have gone before. 




I 






-r-A ^. A^ 




x- 



^^■Ult,^^ 




W' 




f 



AMERICANS celebrate the fourth clay of July as one of their great 
national holidays. Few there are who recall that it was upon this 
identical date, 15S4, that the expedition sent out by Sir Walter Raleigh 
under authority of Queen Elizabeth first landed upon American soil. Thus the 
beginning and the ending of English dominion in this country occurred on 
the same day and month. 

This expedition landed on the coast of North Carolina and took possession 
"in the right of the Queene's most excellent majestic, as rightful queene and 
princess of the same, to be delivered over to the use of Sir Walter Raleigh 
according to her majestie's grant and letters patent, under her highnesses 
great seale." 

Thus North Carolina, or, as it is familiarly known among its sisters in 
the Southland, the "Old North State," is not only the oldest so far as white 
occupation is concerned, but is entitled to occupy, by right of her prowess 
in enterprise, thrift, and natural wealth, a most prominent place among the 
greatest States in the Union. 

Upon her soil not only was the first American colony founded, but under 
her skies the first white child born in America saw the light of day. From the 
very beginning North Carolina stood for freedom and the rights of the people. 
She was first of all the colonies to elect a legislature by popular vote in oppo- 
sition to a royal governor and administration, and the first to make a declara- 
tion of independence against the British crown, that of Mecklenberg on the 
20th of May, 1775. Her representatives were the first of all sent to Philadel- 
phia, and they bore in.structions to propose or concur in the movement to cast 
oflE the yoke of England. Her people were the first to demand in the framing 
of the Constitution the admission of the doctrine that "all powers not granted 
are reserved to the people," and to declare for an equal representation in 
Congress of two senators from each State. Upon her soil at Alamauca, May 
12, 1771, the first pitched battle against British tyranny was fought. She was, 
too, the first colony to secure and establish entire religious freedom, and the 
last to pass the ordinance of secession. 

The North Carolina of to-day is a grand commonwealth of 2,500,000 popu- 
lation, rich in all that goes to make for human progress, and possessing a 
wealth of minerals, timber and fertile lands which are being turned rapidly 
by the energy and enterprise of her citizens into money riches. She has 
reached a property valuation as listed for taxation of 8230,861,131, of which 
§8,180,074 is to the credit of her colored citizens. She has 3,577 miles of rail- 
road, having an assessed valuation of $24,555,754, within her borders. There 
are in successful operation 1S2 cotton mills, 17 woolen mills, with a half dozen 
more building, 220 tobacco factories, and over 600 miscellaneous manufacturing 
establishments. 

In all lines of human progress. North Carolina's development has been 
wonderful. Her State University, located at Chape! Hill, was the first State 
university to be establi.shed, and holds high rank among the best educational 
mstitutions of the country. She has a most comprehensive public school 
system, for the support of which the State appropriates nearly a million dollars 
annually. She maintains normal schools for colored pupils at Salisbury, Fay- 
etteville, Goldsboro, Plymouth, Elizabeth City and Winston-Salem, and has 

53 





■f-.. ■ 




numerous prosperous denominational and unsectarian 
colleges for white and colored pupils, in addition to a 
large number of excellent private preparatory schools 
and academies. Her College of Agriculture and Me- 
chanical Arts, and the State Normal and Industrial 
School for women, at Greensboro, are model institutions 
of their kind, as are the famous Bingham School for boys 



at Asheville, the St. Mary's College for girls at Raleigh, 
and the Salem Female Academy at Winston-Salem. It 
is not strange that a State in which but one-fifth of one 
per cent, of the population are of foreign birth, and 
ninety-five per cent, are of State nativit}', should be 
alert in the education of its \-oung. 

Geographically North Carolina is an empire in itself. 
Its total length is 500 miles, and it has an area of 52.250 
square miles, of which 59 per cent, is forest. It would 
hold ten States the size of Connecticut and si.x as large 
as Massachusetts. It has a greater diversity of climate 
than any State except California, and could approximate 
more closely the maintenance of its inhabitants, inde- 
pendent of outside markets or products, than any terri- 
tory of equal size in the world. 

There are in North Carolina three great physiographic 
divisions or terraces, the Coastal, Piedmont and Moun- 
tain. The White Mountains are dwarfed in comparison 
with the sublime heights in the western or mountain re- 
gion of the State, where forty-three distinct peaks attain 
a higher altitude than Mount Washington, and over 
eighty approximate it in height, the mean altitude being 
greater than any section east of Colorado. The middle 
portion, known as the Piedmont plateau, is a wide- 
stretching, undulating region of fertile farm lands un- 
surpassed anywhere for agrarian purposes, while the 
eastern or coastal plain is rich in waterways and in a 
soil productive to the highest degree. 

Reference to the mean parallels of latitude will 
show that North Carolina is situated nearly midway 
of the Union; and inasmuch as the Union lies entirely 
within the temperate zone, it follows that North Carolina 
is situated upon the central belt of that zone. This 
position gives to the State climatical conditions and pro- 
ductive capacities not excelled by any in the world. As 
a poetical writer has put it, "the Old North State is the 
marriage altar of Summer and Winter." On the west 
the lofty mountain chains interpo.se their mighty barrier 
between the bleak winds of the northwest and the gen- 
eral surface of the State. On the east the coast is swept 
by the Gulf Stream, the meliorating effect of which is 
felt far inland. From this position and these causes the 
temperature, which is more or less the life of all vegeta- 
tion, ranges within moderate limits from season to 
season. Includmg all the sections heretofore named, 
the range of climate in North Carolina is the same as 
that from the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
The influence of this fact is seen in the wide range of 
natural and agricultural products freely growing within 
its borders — from the the palmetto and magnolia grandi- 
flora to the white pine, hemlock and balsam fir, and from 
sugar-cane and rice to Canadian oats and buckwheat. 
In other words, every product found between the Great 
Lakes and the Gulf. With an average mean temperature 
of 59, there is perfect freedom from torrid heat or the ter- 
rors of winter's grasp. Her skies rival in their azurine 
tints those of Italy, and there is a vitality and tonic in 
the atmosphere which makes an instant impression on 
the visitor. 

This rare combination of advantages gives to the 
Piedmont plateau its wonderfully salubrious climate. 
The natural drainage and the purity of the translucent, 
swift-running streams, which nearly all ri.se, flow and 



54 







There arc in North Carolina 3,300 miles of rivers, 
1. 100 miles of which are navigable. The seven princi- 
pal streams, the Roancke, Tar, Cape Fear, Neuse, 
Yadkin, Catawba and French Broad, have an average 
fall of ten feet to the mile, and furnish an estimated 
aggregate horse-power of over 3,500,000. 

In agriculture the State takes high rank, and offers 
an inviting field for settlement and enterprise. No 
other region in the United States presents so many 
attractions in the farming line to the man of large or 
moderate means as the Piedmont or mountain regions 
along the line of the Southern Railway. This is true 
because of the wonderfully fine climate, the pictur- 
esqueness of the scenery, the magnificent sites on moun- 
tain sides, where views of miles of lofty moun- 
tains may be had; and the more important 
fact that from the richness of the soil, the 
great variety of grasses, the abundance 
f pure water, the peculiar purity and 
richness of the air, there is the best 
(if opportunity for cotton, tobacco, 
fruit, grain or stock farming on 
large or small scale. 

In cotton culture North Caro- 
lina takes a prominent place among 
her sister States of the South. There 
are but eight counties of her ninety-six 
in which it is not grown, and the area 
devoted to it is considerably over a million 
acres, the soil of 
the State being 
particularly well 
adapted to its 
growth. In the 
manufacture of 
cotton North 
Carolina has 
made giant 
strides. There 
are in the State 
to-day 182 mills, 
including several 
of the most mod- 
ern ones in the 
South, with an 




ROUND KNOB, BETWEEN SAl.ISBl.'RV AND ASHEVILLE 

empty within the borders of the State, added to this 
produce conditions of health which enable North Caro- 
lina to .show the smallest death rate of any of the States. 
Turning to the material side of North Carolina's 
natural wealth, we find that in addition to her enormous 
lorests, in which grow 153 varieties of native wood, she 
produces 177 varieties of minerals, 20 kinds of gems, and 
more mica and corundum than is found in an)' other 
State. Gold is found in workable quantities in 28 coun- 
ties, and $21,700,000 has been minted from the products 
of her mines since 1800, a single mine having contributed 
over $3,000,000 of this amount. Copper, silver, iron, 
kaolin and an infiuite variety of marbles, millstones, 
soapstones and granite are profitably mined or quarried. 





A NOKIH CAKOLISA COTTON FIELD 



the timber yields a revenue to her hardy citizens of over 
$30,000,000 annually. Originally these magnificent for- 
ests swept in unbroken density from the savannahs 
along her coast to her western boundaries. Upon the 
coastal plain the pine predominates, on the Piedmont 
plateau there is a liberal mingling of hard woods with 
the pine, while in the mountain regions are found 
what, according to Prof. Fernow, Chief of the United 
States Forestry Division, are the finest of the deciduous 
forests in the entire country. 

Mr. George Vanderbilt, at his magnificent estate 
near Asheville, has established a forestry department 
under scientific and competent management, and is 
carrying on a great work not only in improving the tim- 
ber in his own forests of 110,000 acres, but in generally 
promoting the science of forestry in the State. 

The flora of North Carolina embraces nearly 6,000 
varieties, more than that of any other State, or any terri- 
tory of equal size in the world. For many years the 



estimated aggregate capital of $25,000,000. Within these 
mills are 23,334 looms and 1,023,132 spmdles, and they 
give employment to over iS.ooo employee.s. In iSgo the 
State had only 91 mills, capitalized at $10,775,034, with 
7,254 looms and 337,786 spindles; in iSSo, 49 mills with 
1,790 looms and 92,385 spindles; in 1S70, 33 mills with 
61S looms and 39,897 spindles, and in 1S40, 25 mills, with 
a capital of $995,300. 

In 1S90 the total number of spindles in the entire 
South was 1,554,000. Some idea of the advance North 
Carolina has made as a cotton manufacturing State will 
be appreciated when it is noticed that to-day there are 
more than half as many spindles actually running in North 
Carolina as were running in the whole South in iSgo. 

The State has a wonderful advantage in this line of 
manufacturing, in that there is a practically unlimited 
water power and an abundant supply of labor, untram- 
melled by unions and unaffected by strikes. Add to 
these marked advantages the unexcelled transportation 
facilities to the chief markets for the manufactured goods, 
and the proximity of the raw cotton producing centers, 
and the result forms ideal manufacturing conditions 
which the enterprising citizens of North Carolina have 
been quick to perceive and take advantage of. 

North Carolina stands third among the Southern 
States in the production of tobacco, Kentucky being first 
and Virginia second. The State's annual crop is esti- 
mated at seventy million pounds, valued at $6,500,000, 
and the product of its tobacco factories at about thirty- 
five million pounds, valued at $7,000,000. Durham, 
Winston-Salem, Henderson, Oxford, Reid.sville, Raleigh, 
Greensboro, High Point, Salisbury, Statcsville, and 
Asheville are the chief centers of the trade. It is esti- 
mated that $26,000,000 are invested in tobacco manufac- 
turing establishments in the State. 

The cultivation of tobacco has made prosperous 
homes all over the State, and has probably contribtited 
more to the common wealth than any other product, for 
concerns outside of the State send here for much of their 
stock. North Carolina producing ninety per cent, of the 
cigarette tobacco. 

Next to cotton and tobacco the timber interests of 
North Carolina are of most importance. As already 
stated, fifty-nine per cent, of her land area is forest, and 




56 



ihl; summit and in ihk va 




A TOHACCO FIELD 



State has been the source of the national supply of crude 
vegetable drugs. More than seven hundred distinct 
species of important medical plants grow wild in the 
State, and furnish an industry the volume and impor- 
tance of which is appreciated by few outside of the 
medical and pharmaceutical professions. 

North Carolina is not alone great in her industrial 
and material wealth; she is superb, majestic, sublime in 
all of those qualities which awaken in man the heart- 
throbbings of enthusiasm over the stupendous works of 
the Almighty, as portrayed in towering mountains and 
deep-shadowed gorges. 

Europe may have her Switzerland, the West its 
Colorado, the Pacific coast may glorj- iu her Sierra 
Nevada and British Columbia in her Cascade range, but 
nowhere on the face of the earth is there a region more 
picturesquely, more charmingly beautiful than the 
mountain country of western North Carolina, poetically 
known as " The Land of the Sky." It is true there are 
mountains of greater elevation in each of the localities 
named, but the greatest canvases in the gallery of art 
are not the choicest gems, nor is the beauty of nature to 
be measured on geodetic hues. Where the mountain 
ranges of the West are rugged, barren and forbidding, 
those in western North Carolina are 
robed in deep-hued forests to their 
highest summits. Where the greater 
peaks of the Sierra Nevada frown, 
those of "The Land of the Sky" smile 
with banks of rhododen- 
drons and azalias. 




Where the valleys of the one are rocky and impassable 
gorges, in the other they are fern-carpeted forest laby- 
rinths, through which crystal streams tumble merrily 
;ilong over moss-grown rocks in their race to the open. 
Picture in your mind a region where range after 
range of heavily forested mountains parallel each other 
like waves of the sea, where interlacing valleys are rich 
with verdure and flowers, and where silver streams 
murmur unceasingly. Imagine an air so light and pure 
that breathing itself seems a new-found joy, then throw 
over all a canopy of blue.st of Italian blue, and }-ou have 
"The Land of the Sky." 

"Land of forest-clad mountains, of fairy-like streams. 
Of low, pleasant valleys where the bright sunlight gleams 
Athwart fleecy clouds gliding over the hills. 
Jlidst the fragrance of pines and the murmur of rills. 

"A land of bright sunsets, whose glories extend 
From horizon to zenith, there richly to blend 
The hues of the rainbow with clouds passing by- 
Right well art thou christened The Land of the Sky.' 

" A land of pure water, as pure as the air ; 
A home for the feeble, a home for the fair ; 
Where tlie wild roses bloom, while their fragrance combines 
With health-giving odors from balsamic pines. 

" As far from the frigid North as from the zone 
Where the sun's torrid rays come sweltering down, 
Upraised toward the heavens whose azure seems nigh — 
Right fitly thou'rt christened 'The Land of the Sky.' 




"The mountains that shield from the rude no: l..^; . 
blast- 
Mute monitors, they, of the ages long past- 
Like sentinels watch o'er the valley below 
Where the swift crystal streams unceasingly flow. 

" The pure, healthful breezes, the life-givm,g air, 
The beauteous landscapes, oft new, ever tair. 
Are gifts that have come from the Father on high ■ 
To Him be all praise for The Land of the Sky.' '' 

G. Z. P. 

This rugged mountain region embraces the extreme 
western portion of North Carolina and the eastern edge 
of Tennessee. Withm these confines are several districts, 
alike m their general features, but each having distinct 
charms and advantages peculiarly its own. The one 
most generally visited has Asheville for its tourist cen- 
ter. None the less beautiful, however, is that country in 
and about Blowing Rock and Grandfather's Mountain, 
of which Lenoir is the entrepot. Southeast of A.she- 
viUe IS the Flat Rock and Tryon region, which attracts 



many visitors because of its charming environments. 
Soutliwest of Asheville, and between that city and Mur- 
phy, is the Balsam Mountain country, wild, solitary and 
Swiss-like, with the Hayward Sulphur Springs as the 
chief tourist rendezvous. Over to the west, and near the 
Tennessee line, is the less rugged but more picturesquely 
beautiful territory in and about tiie Hot Springs, while 
almost due north from here and across the Tennessee 
line looms up, in the majesty of its towering height. 
Roan Mountain, crowned by a hotel, the highest build- 
ing east of Colorado, and a favorite summer gathering 
place for people from near and far. 
Taken as a whole, no similar area 
on the western continent compares 
with "The Land of the Sky" in 
beauty or sublimity. In square 
miles it is the equal of Swit- 
zerland. In attractiveness, .^ ' 
accessibility and health, * 
its rival. 

The Southern 
Railway bisects North 
Carolina with its main 
line, from which 
many branches radi- j-_|^^; 

ate to its chief cities. 
Entering the State on 
the north, four miles 
below Danville, Va. , 
the main stem runs 
southwesterly and 
passes into South 
Carolina just north 
of Blacksburg. A 
line from Norfolk 
runs through Sel- 
ma (from which a 
branch runs to 
Goldsboro, with 
connection s to 
Morehead City), 
Raleigh, Durham, 
University, Haw 
River and Burling- 
ton, and intersects 
the main line at 
Greensboro. At 

Durham this line is joined by the branch from 
Keysville, through Chase City, Clarksville Junc- 
tion and Oxford. At Greensboro a branch, be- 
ginning on the west at Wilkesboro and passing 
through Winston-Salem (from which a branch runs to 
Mocksville), also intersects the main line. From High 
Point on the main line a branch runs to Ashboro, and at 
Salisbury that portion of the line running west to Ashe- 
ville, Knoxville and Chattanooga leaves the main stem. 
On this division are many prominent points, among 
them Statesville (from which a branch runs to Taylors- 
ville), Newton, Hickory, Connelly Springs, Morganton, 
Marion, Old Fort, Round Knob, Black Mountain, Bilt- 
more, Asheville, Alexander, Marshall, Hot Springs, N. 
C, and Bridgewater, Newport and Morristown, Tenn. 
From Asheville a line runs through a most magnificent 



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>*. 




REIDSVILLE, 



mountain region to Murphy, Tenn., passing through 
Turnpike, Waynesville, Dillsboro, Bryson City, Nanta- 
halla and Andrews. A stem of the Southern also runs 
from Asheville southeast to Columbia, S. C, crossing 
the main line at Spartanburg, and passing through Sky- 
land, Fletchers, Arden, Hendersonville, Flat Rock, Sa- 
luda, Tryon and Landrura. 

At Charlotte that portion of the road over which the 
traffic to and from eastern Georgia and Florida points is 
carried leaves the main stem and continues to Columbia. 
S. C, where connections are made with the Florida 

Central & Peninsular R. 
R. for Savannah, Bruns- 
wick, and Jacksonville, 
St. Augustine and other 
Florida points. 

By a comparison of 
the above with the 
map, it will be seen 
that the Southern 
Railway is furnish- 
ing North Caro- 
lina most compre- 
hensive transpor- 
tation facilities, 
not only offering 
through trunk 
lines to the North 
and South but also 
to the West, and 
to the East direct 
to one of the most 
important ports 
on the Atlantic sea- 
board. 

Entering the 
State from the north 
upon the main line, 
the first place of im- 
portance is Reids- 
ville. Here are lo- 
cated one of the 
largest cotton mills 
in the State, two of 
the largest tobacco 
factories, and ten 
leaf tobacco estab- 
lishments, besides a 
knitting mill and 
other enterprises. A 
prosperous and fer- 
tile country surrounds it and the town enjoys an exten- 
sive trade. Its educational system is excellent and it 
has several churches. The population is 5,000. 

Greensboro, the next point of interest on the main 
line, is not only a railroad center of importance but has 
a substantial commercial status and large manufacturing 
interests built up by her enterprising citizens. It is the 
capital of Guilford county, which justly prides itself 
upon the unusual fact that it has not a dollar of indebt- 
edness. The city has good municipal water works, fire 
department, good public schools, and all the requisites 
of a prosperous town. The first cotton mill in North 




58 




THK MAIS S1KKET, GREENSBORO, N, C. 

Carolina was erected at Greensboro, and now there are 
several model mills here, including one of the largest in 
the State. There are extensive tobacco factories, plan- 
ing mills, and many other prosperous establishments 
among Greensboro's enterprises. The notable buildings 
in the city include the United States Government build- 
ing and county court-house, the latter one of the finest 
edifices in the State. In educational institutions the 
city is especially rich. It is the seat of the Greensboro 
Female College, with 250 students; the State Agricultu- 
ral and Mechanical College for colored youth, with 150 
students; the State Normal and Industrial School for 
young women, with 500 students; Bennett College for 
colored youth, with 120 students, and in the vicinity is 
Guilford College, a well-known and prosperous institu- 
tion, with 125 students. Guilford county was originally 
settled by the Scotch-Irish, and the impress of the ster- 
ling qualities of these early pioneers has been left upon 
the community. 

Fifteen miles south of Greensboro, on the main line 
of the Southern Railway, is High Point, where the 
Sportsmen's Association holds the Eastern Field Trials 
each year. Its population has increased from 800 to 4,000 
in eight years. It is quite a furniture manufacturing 
center, and has a successful knitting mill, besides other 
industries, six churches and good schools. 

The first place of importance south of High Point is 
Salisbury, a town of S,ooo inhabitants. Here are several 
manufacturing establishments, including three cotton 
mills. The city is the mercantile center of one of 
the most prosperous and beautiful farming 



COTTON MII.I.S AT GREENSBORO, .*>. C. 



sections in North Carolina, and has an assessed valua- 
tion of $2,374,507. One of the national soldiers' ceme- 
teries is located at Salisbury, and it is also the seat of 
one of the State normal schools and Livingston College. 
Because of the salubrity of its climate a modern sani- 
tarium is projected. 

One mile and a half north of the city on the main 
line is the new town of Spencer, named in honor of Mr. 
Samuel Spencer, the President of the Southern Railway. 
Here the road has erected extensive shops employing a 
large number of men, and established division head- 
quarters. Naturally this young town, which is but a 
year old, has had a wonderful growth, and all indications 
point to its becoming a prominent city within the next 
few years. The Southern Railway is e.xtending its shops 
rapidly, and about these there will grow up a prosperous 
community. Rowan County, in which Spencer is located, 
is one of the finest in the South, and with a rich agricul- 
tural backing and a substantial industrial foundation 
such as the Southern Railway shops will give it, the 
future of Spencer is particularly bright. 

Twenty-three miles south of Salisbury is Concord, 
one of the progressive smaller cities of the State. It has 
large cotton mills and is growing rapidly. Its population 
is intelligent, alert and enterprising. 

Charlotte, the midway city on the Southern's main 
line between New York and New Orleans, is not onlv 




STATE NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL 
AT CRKENSBORO, S. C. 




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and wood-working shops, and a fairly good supply of all 
the smaller industries of a thriving town. There are 
employed in the various factories of the city 3, 500 people, 
who draw in wages $1,000,000 per year. The population 
has kept pace with the growth of the manufacturing 
enterprises. In iSSo it was 8,500. In 1S95 it had 
increased to 19,652, and a city director)- issued in Au- 
gust, iSgy, showed a population, including the suburbs, 
of 26,120. 

The streets of the city are electric lighted, and the 
sewerage system, which extends to all parts of the town, 
is of the most approved type, as it is aided by the topog- 
raphy, the gi'ouud sloping down to the swift-running 



QUAIL-SHOOTING NbAK H 1 1 -H -fol N T . N. C 

one of the busiest and most progressive cities in North 
Carolina, but in the South. The growth of the indus- 
tries and population of this city during the past few 
years has been of such a character as to have attracted 
general attention. For a number of years one cotton 
mill occupied the field alone. Within the past six years 
eleven more have been built, operating 63,000 spindles 
and 704 looms. Other manufactures sprung up in pro- 
portion, and there is now one factory for the manu- 
facture of towels, one for cotton-back-hands, one for 




IvI l'rn-.SI.N r AT IVI-. IHJILOINCS of SALtSUl'HV, N. c 

hosiery, and one for sash cord. There are fine large 
plants devoted exclusively to the manufacture of trou- 
sers, and Charlotte has the reputation, so far unchal- 
lenged, of being the greatest pants manufacturing city 
in the entire country. There are over 200 cotton mills 
withm a radius of 100 miles of Charlotte, and this city 
is an important point of supply for these mills. 

There are in Charlotte four machine shops and foun- 
dries, a leather-belting factory, a number of machine 




Till; NAriuNAL LLMETTRY 



Streams which bound the city on its east and west sides. 
The city's garbage is disposed of by cremation. 

Charlotte is particularly fortunate in its handsome 
buildings, both public and private. The government's 
post oiBce and court house building cost $60,000; the 
city hall and handsome county court house each cost an 
equal amount, the latter being the finest county building 
in the State. The residences erected in recent years are 
of the finest type of architecture and attract the atten- 
tion of all visitors to the city. The cit)' has fine sub- 
stantial banks, with an aggregate capital of $1,250,000, 
and its assessed valuation is $6,000,000. 

Charlotte is the center of a rich gold-mining section 
and the United States Assay OfBce at this place daily 
handles gold productions from the mines of North 









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60 



HOP-S A I' SPENCER, N. C. 



Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, ll is the seat of 
Elizabeth College for women, Biddle University 
for colored students, and the Presbyterian Col- 
lege for women, and in addition to its excel- 
lent public schools has several private educational 
institutions. 

There is to be erected 
in the near future in front 
of the court house a mon- 
ument to the signers of 
the Mecklenberg Decla- 
ration of Independence, 
as this was the spot 
where, on the 20th of 
May, 1775, the conven- 
tion called for the pur- 
pose first formally re- 




which in- 
tersects the 
main line at 
Greensboro, are 
several of North 
Carolina's most 
important cities. 
Raleigh, the State 
capital, is one of 
them. It is a pros- 
perous city of 20,- 
000 inhabitants, 
full of vigor and 
enterprise, as ex- 
pressed in public 
works through its Chamber of Commerce and In- 
dustry and the Wautauga Club, associations com- 
posed of the representative men in its manufac- 
turing and commercial circles. Most of the State 
buildings and institutions are located here, includ- 
ing, beside the classic capitol building, a superb State 
useum and the State Library. The city has nearly 
fifty miles of broad, well-paved and well-shaded 



CHAKLOTTl-:, 



nounced allegiance to England. This Declaration ante- 
dated the one at Philadelphia by more than a year. 

Between Charlotte and the South Carolina line is the 
prosperous town of Gastonia, a place of 3,500 inhabi- 
tants, full of energy and thrifty enterprise. It has had 
a strong and vigorous growth during the past few years. 
To-day it prides itself on its four cotton factories and 
other industrial establishments. It has eight churches 
and good graded schools. 

Upon the line of the Southern Railway from Norfolk, 




UF THK SOUTHERN kAl rWi\Y,' CHARLOTTE, 




u 



MPi^^ 




streets, and a fine water and sewerage system. Raleigh 
has just reason to be proud of the fact that the issue of 
her street improvement five percent, bonds was recently 
sold at one hundred and ten, the highest price ever 
realized from the sale of Southern municipal securities. 
The manufacturing industries of the city embrace a 
large hosiery, yarn and gingham mill, phosphate works, 
a cotton-seed oil mill and tobacco factory. 

Raleigh is one of the leading educational centers of 
the State, having three colleges for young ladies: Peace 
Institute, St. Mary's (now in its fifty-sixth year), and the 
Baptist University; the Agricultural and Mechanical 
College; the State Institute for the education of the deaf, 
dumb and blind, a male academy, and a fine system of 
modern public schools. 

For the higher education of the colored people of 
the State there are Shaw University and St. Augu.stine 
Normal College. 



SHCPPINf; COTTON AT C 1 1 A k l,i H 1 i:. N 



6i 



North Carolina has had 
for years one of the most 
efficient agricultural de- 
partments of any State in 
the Union. Among the 
board's works was the es- 
tablishment of a Stat-^ 
experimental statin 
and farm of 5,000 acr^ 
the first in the Sov. 
and the second in th-. 
United States. The 





r: n / 



PRESBYTERIAN COLLEGE, CHARLOTTE, N, C. 



offices are located in Raleigh and the farm just outside 
the city limits. This enterprise has resulted in incalcu- 
lable good to the agricultural interests of the State and 
is one of the institutions of Raleigh. 

Durham, a prosperous city with all the modern 
municipal improvements, is located twenty-si.x miles west 
of the State capital, and is the present terminus of the 
O.^ford & Clarksville division of the Southern Railway. 
Ithas a population of 11,715, an increase of about 100 per 
cent, during the past decade. 

This city is the market for the leaf tobacco and other 
farm products of a dozen or more contiguous counties 
of wonderful fertility and natural resources. She has 
$12,000,000 invested in manufacturing and 
pays out over $7 50, 000 annually in wages. 
Her four cotton factories consume 
about iS.ooo bales of cotton, 
while the tobacco manufacturers 
utilize millions of pounds of the 
natural leaf annually. An indi- 
cation of the immense business 
done by Durham's tobacco fac- 
tories is found in the fact that for 
the single month of October 1897, 
the Fourth U. S. Internal Reve- 
nue District, embracing half the 
State, collected as revenue on man- 
ufactured tobacco and spirituous 
licjuors $122,002.27. Of this amount 
Durham's tobacco manufacturei's paid 
$100,481.53. 

While justly proud of her manufac- 
turing enterprises, the city's social and 
educational advantages are of a very high 
order. The city's educational institutions 
include Trinity College, hand.somely en- 
dowed through the munificence of two of 



Durham's representative citizens, 
llr. Washington Duke and Mr. 
Julian S. Carr, and the splen- 
did graded schools, with 
about 1. 000 boys and girls 
in daily attendance. 

Between Raleigh and 
Durham is the junction 
known as University, from 
which a branch a few miles 
in length runs to Chapel Hill, 
the location of the University of 
North Carolina, the leading educa- 
tional institution of the State, chartered 
in 17S1J and opened in 1795. It is the oldest university 
in the South, and the oldest State university in the 
Union. Its roll of alumni includes seven thousand 
names. Many of them are of national repute, and 
it may be doubted whether so large a percentage of 
the alumni of any other American college have achieved 
eminence in public life. The university embraces the 
college, the law school, the medical school, the school 
of pharmacy, and the summer school. The college 
contains 17 departments, offering 119 courses of instruc- 
tion, arranged both for graduate and undergraduate in- 
struction. The university includes 36 teachers, who 
represent the training of 22 American and European 
universities. The student roll numbers 470, the sum- 
mer school 185; total,. 625. It possesses property worth 
about $600,- 
000. There 
are 11 large 
brick build- 
ings, con- 
aining 
lecture 
rooms. 






CHARLOTTE, N. C. 





GLIMPSES OF GASTONIA, 



museums, laboratories, and student 
rooms. The library contams 
40,000 volumes and pamph- 
lets. The gymnasium is 
the largest in the South 
The income is 
about $50,000 a 
year. The univer- 
sity is administered 
with great econo- 
my; total expense 
of an education 
for one year need 
not exceed $200. 
The president of 
the university i- 
Edwin A. Alder- 
man, D. C. L. 

Goldsboro is 
the terminus of the 
branch of the 
Southern Railway 
starting at Selma, 
twenty-seven" miles 
east of Raleigh. It is a 
progressive, active place, 
the center of a prosperous 
agricultural country. Its pop 
ulation is about seven thou- ''"■ 

sand, and is steadily on the increase 
It is the county seat of Wajme count)^ 
and is a growing manufacturing cen- 
ter. It has one of the largest lumber plants in the South, 
an extensive furniture factory, a cotton mill, recently 
equipped with the very latest improved machinery for 
both spinning and weaving ; one of the most noted fer- 
tilizer works in the country, a cotton-seed oil mill, a rice 
mill, and numerous other manufacturing establishments. 
The city is absolutely free from debt, and has a good fire 
department, water works, electric lights, paved streets, 
churches of every denomination, and excellent public 
graded schools for both white and colored, with an at- 
tendance of 1,100. 

Oxford, upon the branch runnmg 
north from Durham, is the cen- 
ter of a large tobacco and cot- 
ton region, and is the seat of 
a Baptist female seminary. 
The town has several 
manufacturing enter- 
prises, and enjoys con- 
siderable local trade. 

Twenty-nine miles 
west of Greensboro is 
the enterprising and 
prosperous city of Win- 
ston-Salem. Its pre.sent popula- 
tion is 20,000, an increase from 
4,194 in 18S0. It has a larger 
number of plug-tobacco factories 
than any city in the world, and 
the purchases of the leaf reach 
the aggregate of about $2,000,000 




annually. In a single 3'ear the manufac- 
turers of the city have paid the 
United States Government 
for revenue stamps 
almost $1,000,000, and 
it is claimed that 
more money is 
disbursed here m 
wages annually 
than in any 
city in the 
South equal 
in popula- 
tion. One of 
■f the city's latest 
enterprises is the 
transmission of 
electric power for 
her extensive 
manufacturing es- 
tablishments from 
the Yadkin River. 
There are fine streets 
and all urban im- 
provements, a superb 
municipal building, a 
model Y. M. C. A. building, 
a chamber of commerce, 
handsome churches and most ex- 
cellent public schools. The Sa- 
lem Female Academy', located 
here, is not only the pride of the 
city but one of the famous institutions of learning of the 
South. It was established by the Moravians in 1S02, and 
at least 10,000 alumni claim it as their alma mater. Two 
of its graduates have graced the White House at Wash- 
ington, Mrs. President Polk and Mrs. Patterson, daugh- 
ter of President Jackson. In addition to the academy 
there are located here the Slater Industrial Academy 
and Normal School and the Davis Military Academy. 

Upon the line of the Southern Railway running vv^est 
toward Aisheville from Salisbury, and between the two 
places, are several important towns and some sublime 
mountain scenery. Statesville, a place of 3,500 inhabi- 
tants, has a large cotton mill of 6,000 spindles running 
day and night, several large tobacco factories, 
two steam tlour mills and a number of cooperage 
establishments. In addition to its excellent pub- 
lic schools, there is located here a 
female college occupying a hand- 
some edifice of its own. 

South of Statesville, on 
the branch of the Southern 
Railway connecting it with 
Charlotte, is Davidson Col- 
lege, one of the best knowTi 
of North Carolina's educa- 
tional institutions. It is a 
Presbyterian institution, 
and has had for many years 
a most prosperous career. 
It is well endowed and has 
a large and progressive 



STATE INSTITUTIONS FOR DEAF, DUMB ANP (tLIND, RAI.F.IGH, N. C. 



faculty, and many students attend not only from North 
Carolina but from other States. 

Beyond Statesville is Hickory, a popular place for 
sportsmen and an enterprising town. It has an excellent 
hotel, the Hickory Inn, which enjoys a considerable 
tourist patronage. It is also the location of St. Paul's 
Seminary, a Lutheran theological institution. The sur- 
rounding country is attractive beyond description and 
one of the best-tilled regions in the State. It is at 
Hickory that the tourist leaves the Southern for Lenoir 
and the wonderfully beautiful region about Blowing Rock 
and Grandfather's Mountain, to which reference is 
made elsewhere in this chapter. 

Morganton, some nineteen miles beyond Hick- 
ory, is a picturesque town, beautifully located 
among the lower mountains, and it is here where 
the railroad fairly begins the ascent of the great 
mountain range. 

From here to Asheville, and then on to the Hot 
Springs, the traveler does not pass over a mile of 
uninteresting territory. As the train begins its 
tortuous ascent of the mountains, which seem to be 
piled up in impassable massiveness, the scen- 
ery becomes grand, then inspiring, and finally, 
as the summit is approached, sublime. The 
two monster "creatures of iron and brass" 
attached to the train make the mountain fast- 
nesses re-echo wi'.h their stentorian puffing as 
they drag their heavy load. The track is now 
clinging to the very edge of the mountain 
side, and a moment later crossing a dark, 
rock-cleft ravine on bridge of steel, beneath 
which a stream lashed into foam is fighting 
its way to the valley. Another turn in the 
twisting path of iron and such a magnificent 
valley opens out before you that you involun- 
tarily utter an exclamation of rapture. The ' 
most glorious works of nature are being 

shilted upon the easel of your vision with kaleidoscopic rapidity. Up and 
up you climb, the horizon broadening as yu\i approach the summit. 
Forest-crowned peaks loom up in the background and dwarf the nearer 
ones." You catch glimpses of the track in fourteen different places 
where you have passed. The world seems at your feet. One brief and 
entrancing view is had just as the train plunges into the Swannanoa 
tunnel, which pierces the topmost strata of the mountains. You enter it 
from the Atlantic slope and emerge on that of the Mississippi and the 
Gulf. It is the dividing line, and the Crystal Spring, in its center, as 
if in demonstration, sends out two streams, 
one flowing to the east and finding its way 
to the Atlantic Ocean, and the other to the 
west, ultimately reaching the Gulf of Mexico. 
Just beyond the tunnel, on the western slope 
of the mountain range, is Black Mountain sta- 
tion, 2,466 feet above the level of the sea. 
Here begin the lands of the Mountain Re- 
treat Association, and they e.xtend for six 
miles north to Greybeard, reaching there an 
elevation of 5,700 feet. This association is 
composed of Christian business men and min- 
isters of all denominations. It is their inten- 
tion to duplicate, in some respects, in these 
mountain fastnesses the work of the Meth- 
odists at Ocean Grove. The North Carolina 




■*. 




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64 



THK SI ATE CAIMTOL AND OTHliB BUU-DIXr-S AT RAl.I ICiK, N. C. 




EDl-CATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AT RALEIGH, N C. 

legislature has granted a charter with ample powers 
and generous privileges. The enterprise is a community 
in the sense that all profits from the sale of lots will 
be used for the benefit of the entire community and for 
the purposes for which taxes are usually laid. By the 
charter the sale of intoxicating liquor is forever pro- 
hibited. Plans are being made for a large and impor- 
tant educational institution, one hundred acres of land 
having been set aside for this purpose, and the resort 
will also be a center for annual gatherings of prominent 
and earnest Christians at work for the study of prob- 
lems relating to the welfare of humanity, and ways 
and means for advancing the interests of Christianity 
through the various denominations. 

The descent from Black Mountain to the level of 



the Asheville plateau is gradual and the passing scen- 
ery beautiful. Just where the railroad meets the lovely 
Swannanoa River is the handsome station of Biltmore, 
at the very corner of the vast estate of Mr. George 
Vanderbilt. 

Two miles beyond is Asheville, which is the tourist 
as well as the commercial center of this region. It has 
been called the "Janus of resorts," for, like that two- 
faced divinity of the ancient Romans, it has two fronts. 
Upon one it wears a welcome for the winter guests from 
the North, and upon the other a smiling greeting to the 
thousands who come here each summer from the South- 
ern cities to enjoy the cool, bracing air of the mountains. 

Asheville has a greater elevation than any city east 
of Denver, being 2,300 feet above sea level. It occupies 
an ideal site just at the merging of the ever-beautiful 
Swannanoa (nymph of beaut)') River with the historic 
French Broad. The mountains have drawn away, leaving 
as fair a valley or plateau as human eye ever gazed upon. 
But raise your eyes in any direction above the immediate 
surroundings of undulating hills which have been left 
by the erosion of the rivers, and they will rest upon the 
circling ranges of towering mountains, which give a glo- 
rious setting to the picture. The city of Asheville has 
had a vigorous growth. It has an active air of commer- 
cial life, and upon every turn there are indisputable evi- 




ONE of THE NEW BUII.IJINGS, L-NIVKRSITV OF NORTH CAROLINA 
CHAI'EL HILL 

dences of thrift and prosperity. Considered from a 
business and manufacturing point of view, the place 
occupies an enviable position among North Carolina's 
cities, and as a tourist center its fame is world wide. 





INIVLRSITV 01 NORTH (.\HOI-INA 



The visitor will find its streets well paved 
and electric cars run through the princi- 



schools, maintained by 
private subscription, 
and the Asheville 
Farm School, occupy- 
ing 420 acres, which 
has over one hun- 
dred students, who are 




[iLrsilMEN-TS AT DURHAM N. C. 



pal thoroughfares and into tlie attractive suburbs. The 
city has an opera house, a fine social club, a country club, 
a golf club, an art gallery and a public library. The 
churches and municipal buildings are modern and well 
built. Asheville has become quite an educational cen- 
ter, and it has several very well known institutions of 
learning in addition to excellent public schools. The 
Bingham School for boys, established in 
1793, has long been known as one of 
the best of its class in America. '' 

The Home Industrial 
School, maintained un- 
der the auspices of the 
Board of Home Missions 
of the Presbyterian 
Church is doing a noble 
work in the line of prac- 
tical education for girls. 
The Asheville Normal 
and Collegiate Institute, 
established for the 
higher education of 
young women, and un- 
der the control of the 
Northern Presbyterian 
Church, is located in a 
beautiful park of thirty- 
five acres, which it shares 
with the Home Indus- 
trial School. Asheville 
College, founded in 1S42, 
is designed to be a school 
of the first rank for girls 
and young women. It 
has a strong faculty, and 
is doing most excellent 
work. In addition to 
the above, there is a bus- 
ness college in most 
flourishing condition, the 
Misses Champion's 
school for girls, Skyland 
Institute, the Asheville 
Free Kindergarten As- 
sociation, with four 




taught agricultural work on approved and practical 

scientific lines. 

Asheville has a permanent population of about 

14,000, and there are always a large number of visitors, 

estimated to average several thousand. 

The business portion of the city centers about the 

public square, where stands the picturesque old court- 
house, the modern municipal building, 
the city hall, in the basement of 
which is the public market ; 
the Legal Building, 
the newspaper offices, 
many stores and other 
business edifices. Here 
the electric street cars 
on all the lines converge. 
On Saturday afternoon 
crowds of country people 
congregate in the square, 
and the mountain 
wagons, cloth-covered 
and draw-n by mules or 
steers, lend interest to 
the scene. Radiating 
from the square, all the 
streets are solidlj' built 
up with brick business 
blocks. On all sides of 
these lies the residence 
part of the town, built 
on the undulating land, 
not too closely, the aver- 
age residence lot having 
a 75-foot frontage. 

There are few cities 
in the South which have 
a larger number of beau- 
tiful residences. Many 
people who have been 
attracted to Asheville 
because of its delightful 
and healthful climate 
are making it their per- 
manent home, and have 
built modern, and, in a 



DL£aiA.M, Ny.C., RESittENCES 




number of instances, 

luxurious homes, one of 

them, that of Mr. George 

Vanderbilt, being the most 

costly private residence in 

America. The city is amply 

supplied with excellent 

modern hotels, and there 

are scores of boarding houses where 

comfortable accommodations may be had. The two 

leading hotels, the Battery Park and Kenilworth Inn, 



tions which go to make up a 
wholesome and fascinating re- 
sort. Nowhere east of the 
Rocky Mountains is there an)'- 
thing approaching it to be 
found for fall and winter, spring 
and summer — an all-the-year- 
round retreat. It is cool in sum- 
mer, yet the winters, shorn of 
their harshness by reason of its 
southern latitude, induce almost 
daily out-of-door exercise 
in the way of shooting, 
riding, driving or short 
mountain excursions 
on foot. For lovers of 
golf it is ideal ; and at 





COUNTY COLKT HULSt. AT WINS I (iN-SA Ll .11 . ^. '. 

rank high among the best resort hostelries of the coun- 
try, and each has accommodations for from four to five 
hundred guests. 

It is the peculiar climatic features 
of the Asheville plateau, added to its 
charming natural scenery, which have 
given this country its great reputation. 
These have been admirably summed 
up by S. Westray Battle, M. D. , in an 
article recently published in the Medi- 
cal Record oi New York. He says: 

"Nestled in the heart of the Alle- 
ghanies, cradled by the Blue Ridge and 
Great Smokies, stretches the Asheville 
plateau, a most desirable and beautiful 
section of country, in close touch with 
the East and North, and most accessible 
from all points South and West. It has 
become the great sanatorium of tlie 
eastern United States. It enjoys a 
climate sui generis, representing the 
golden mean of altitude and latitude 
and the several meteorological condi- 



fKO^IINF.NT 1;MLDINGS Of l>!i;liAM, N. C. 

Asheville, the center of the plateau, are united the com- 
forts of a city with the delights of the country. 

"The plateau is an elevated tableland, somewhat 
triangular in shape, embracing some six thousand square 
miles of western North Carolina, with a general elevation 
of two thousand feet above the sea level, though altitudes 
up to six thousand feet may be had for the climbing any 
day in the year. Hills, valleys, rivers and forests so 
diversify this intramontane expanse as to make it lovely 
and restful to the eye beyond the power of my pen to 
portray. 

"The mean temperature of spring is 53.49° F. ; that 
of summer, 70.72^ F. ; autumn, 53.48° F. ; and winter, 
3S. 87° F. : while for the year it is 54. 14° F. ; with a mean 
relative humidity of but 65 per cent. 




COTTON MII.1_^ 





"There can hardly be room for controversy that 
upon this plateau may be enjoyed the golden mean of 
American climate. With medium altitude, dry, tonic, 
invigorating and ozoniferous atmosphere, the region 
cannot fail to grow in popularity as meeting the indi- 
cations in the cases of a large majority of health 
seekers, more especially those looking for the all-the- 
year-round residence ; and it has occurred to the writer 
that it should particularly appeal to the retired of the 
army and the navy, and to him of modest independ- 
ence who wants to enjoy his olium cum dig. away 
from the busy whirl of the city and carking care. 
" In regard to the merits of the climate, or the 
climatothcrapy of the plateau, let me briefly sum 
up its advantages without bestowing indiscreet or 
over-zealous praise. It is pre-eminently a suitable 
one for the early stages of pulmonary phthisis, espe- 
cially for such subjects as can and will get out in 
the air, and are determined to take the benefit of 
the dry, tonic, invigorating, bracing qualities there- -' 
of, and keep good hours. Conditions which seem 
to favor germ propagation and prolong the species 
of the genus bacterium do not exist here. Wounds 
heal kindly, and operative procedures of the gravest 

character arc- 
very rarely ~ 
followed by 
septic infection. 

The mortal- . ,:m, n-, c. 

ity from pul- 
monary phthisis is not large in any part of North Carolina, being, 
according to the mortality tables of the tenth census (iSSo), 13.4 for 
every 10,000 of population throughout the State. But it is interesting 
to note that the mountain counties show a mortality of only 10 6 in 
every 10,000 of population, as against 16. i for everj? 10,000 of popu- 
lation of all the other counties of the State in the aggregate ; or 

in other words, 
' in a State in 
which pulmon- 
:• ary phthisis does 

not figure prom- 
inently in the 



mortality tables, the death 
rate is still fifty per cent, less 
m the mountain section than 
m the other lower-lying por- 
tions of the State. 

" Among other condition s 
indicating the advisability of ' 

a so;ourn m this region may. be mentioned asthma, hay fever, 
convalescence from malarial and other fevers (there are no lakes 
or swamps, and malaria is unknown), nervous prostration, and 
exhaustion from over-work or long-continued summer heat; as 
alsc chronic congestion of the internal organs, by reason of dimin- 
ished atmospheric density causing a determination of blood 'o 
the surface — hence arises one of the benefits of altitude in ii.- 
cipient phthisis. Nervous energy and muscular vigor are usually 
increased, and the nutrition of the body and the general condition 

63 





SALF-M AC.M>I t 




SOME ASIIEVM.I.ii KF-SIDENXES 



of the blood improved, by a sojourn at moderate eleva- 
tion; above six thousand feet the appetite for food is 
diminished and the digestive organs are frequently dis- 
ordered, whereas a medium altitude usually increases 
the desire for food and quickens digestion. By reason of 
its medium altitude, contra-indications to a residence 
■upon the plateau are few, though organic disease of the 
heart where the circulation is much disturbed 
must not be lost sight of. Of course 
those who are in advanced phthisis 
and are too feeble to breathe the 
out-of-door air and take some 
sort of out-of-door exercise 
are better off at home with 
their friends, surrounded 
by comforts that cannot 
be supplied elsewhere." 
The drives round 
about Asheville are unes- 




professional Alps climber. During the spring and early 
summer these mountain sides are radiant in the blos- 
soms of the laurel, the rhododendron and the azalea, 
and for miles along the edges of the purling Swannanoa 
its banks are one solid mass of these e.Kquisite flowers. 
With ever}' turn of the road a new and exquisite pano- 
rama is spread before the enraptured gaze. Peak after 
peak comes into view rising to ma- 
jestic height, and clothed to 
the very summit with deep 
green forest. It is a 
5^ \ matchless region, to 

X^ , \ which all others 

except those of 
the far West are 
incomparable. 

About two 
miles from the 
lieart of Ashe- 
ville, and upon 
one of the steps of 
the mountain range, 
is Mr. George Vander- 
bilt's magnificent cha- 
teau, the chef d' wuvrcoi the 
late Richard M. Hunt's architec- 
tural creations. It was begun in 1S90 and 
was completed in 1S95. The building is 



celled anywhere for the lovely views they 
offer. Horseback riding is in great favor, 
but because of the hills, bicycling is but 
little indulged in. Out-of-door life, espe- 
cially with tourists, is the rule, and there 
are mountains near enough to be con- 
sidered for a day's excursion which will 
tax the endurance and skill of all save the 



MR CF.ORC.F. VAXDF.RBILT'*; CHATFAl'. nil.TMORF, NSHFVIII.K, N- C 



/ 



said to have cost upward of $3,000,000, and as much 
more has been expended upon its surroundings and 
the vast estate of a hundred thousand acres. All of 
the landscape gardening and the development of the 
park shows the master hand of Mr. Fred. Law Olm- 
stead, under whose direction the improvements have 
been made. Miles beyond count of superb 
model roads have been constructed, and 
hundreds of thousands of flowering plants 
and shrubs have been artistically grouped. 
In every line of agriculture, forestry and 
floriculture there has been the highest 
development under expert direction, in 
order not only to improve the place itself, 
but to furnish a working model which 
would be an influential factor in raising 
the standard of the entire region and State. 

The mansion is a rather highly elabo- 
rated version of the architecture of Fran- 
cis I and of the chateaux of the Loire. It ' 
is exceedingly rich in every detail, and tlie 
general effect is lieightened by the free employment of 
decorative sculpture. Those who have stood spellbound 
upon the esplanade of this magnificent chateau, and 
looked out upon the wild tumult of mountains which 
stretch away in every direction until lost behind the 
curtain of the horizon, can well understand why Mr. 
Vanderbilt selected this particular spot of all others in 
America for the erection of a home, which is as supreme 
among the houses of men as this spot is among the 
creations of Nature. 

From Asheville the tourist or health-seeker may 
turn in any one of several directions and find charming 
localities in the midst of the mountains, where the scenery 
is sublime and awe-inspiring, and wl'.ere there are excel- 
lent accommodations awaiting him in the form of com- 
fortable hotels. The grandest and wildest scenery is 
perhaps to be found on that portion of the Southern 
Railway running from Asheville to Murphy. The first 
stage of the journey ends at Waynesville, so called in 
honor of Mad Anthony Wayne. It is the highest railroad 
town east of the Mississippi River, the seat of Haywood 
county, and one of the most beautifully situated towns 
in the mountain section of North Carolina. Its location 
is in the center of the Richland Valley, at the very foot 
of the noble Balsam range of mountains, several peaks 
of which attain an elevation of over six thousand feet. 
These mountains are clothed from base to summit with a 
dense forest, the deep green fir balsam, whose odors exert 
an extremely healing influence 
upon weak throats and lungs, ■ 
predominating. As a resort for 




■mm 



CITS- BLlI.DlNti AND BLSI.NESS STREETS, ASIIEVn.l.r. N.C. 

invalids the locaUty offers strong inducements. This 
section has an elevation of 2,800 feet above sea level, 
and such is the wonderful purity of the air, that persons 
suffering with nervous prostration, or from the effects 
of overwork, obtain immediate relief. Its altitude in- 
sures a cool summer, and it is far enough .south for a 
comfortable winter. The nights in summer are always 
cool and refreshing, insuring sleep. Waynesville's pop- 
ulation is about a thousand. The streets are broad 
and well shaded. There is a fine court house, a public 
library, numerous attractive residences, and substantial 
business men in all branches of trade. The famous 
Haywood White Sulphur Springs, with its large hotel, 
is near Waynesville on the opposite (north) side of 
Richland Creek, which even within the town limits has 
its picturesqueness preserved if not increased by the 
old mills and the fine old oaks and beech trees which 
grow along its course, and by the distant background 
of forest-covered mountains. 




SOME ASHEVILLE EIU'CATIONAL I 



NST n rTIONS 



A 




ATTI.RY PARK HOTEL, ASHEVrLLE, N. C. 



Throughout the entire distance between Waynes- 
ville and Murphy the country is sparsely settled, and so 
little affected by the inroads of modern civilization that 
over much of the area one may see the clear streams, 
the dense forests and the rugged mountains in their 
native wildness and beauty. Cherokee Indians have, 
until recent years, traversed the forests and wandered 
along the streams which their fathers named : the Tucka- 
seegee. Savannah, Tennessee, Elijay, Cartoogajay, Tus- 
keegee, Oconaluftee, Stekoah, Tusquittah, Nantahala 
and others. It is a wilderness as sublimely beautiful 
as it is solitary and grand, an elysium for the health- 
seeker, a paradise for the sportsman. 

During long ages of the past these streams have 
been carving deeper and deeper their channels between 
the mountains. So slowly has the work progressed, and 
so vigorously has the vegetation grown, that everywhere 
from the mountain tops to the banks of the streams the 
surface is covered with trees, shrubs and flowers. 

The gorge of the Nantahala River, through which 
the railway passes for more than a dozen miles, is by 
many believed to be the mo.st picturesque and beautiful 
in western North Carolina. One of the full-page illus- 
trations shows the upper end of this gorge, looking 



northeast down the river. On the right Clift Ridge rises 

almost perpendicular to nearly 2,000 feet above the river; 

while on the left the spurs of the Great Smoky Mountains 

rise nearly as high and are nearly as steep. Between 

their bases the gorge is so narrow that in many places 

there is hardly space enough for both the railroad and 

the river. Talc and marble abound in 

these rocky, forest-covered slopes, and 

the lumbering and timber interests at 

Dillsboro, Bryson City and other points 

are extensive. 

On the line of the .Southern Rail- 
way between Asheville and Spartan- 
burg, S. C. , there is a beautiful and pic- 
turesque region which has long been 
extremely popular with tourists, and in 
which there are numerous resorts well patron- 
i.;Ld both in summer and winter. The nearest of these 
resorts to Asheville is Skyland, an attractive little place 
nestling down close under the protection of the nearby 





:r:VlLLE F.ESIDENXE 

mountains. Beyond is Henderson, twenty miles from 
Asheville, and located in full view of the mountain peaks 
of Tryon, Little Hog Back, Glassy, Pinnacle, Caesar's 
Head, Hebron, Hog Back, Pisgah, Busby, Craggy, 
Black, Hooper's, Bear Wallow, Sugar 
Loaf, Chimney Rock, the Shaking Bald 
and Point Lookout, which, rising above 
the plateau, form a complete panorama 
and amphitheatre, making the view 
from the town grand and majestic be- 
yond comparison. 

Three miles bej'ond Henderson is 
Flat Rock, one of the most charming 
little resorts in western North Carolina, 
and a spot where many prominent people 
from Southern cities spend the summer 
months. It is in appearance a little cor- 
ner of old England tucked down in this 
North Carolina paradise. 

While only a quiet little hamlet of 
mountaineers. Flat Rock was discovered 
many years ago and taken posses- 
sion of by a company of French and 
English gentlemen who owned lands ia 



KI-NirWOKTH INN. 




\ILLE, N. C, AND THE BALSAM MOUNTAINS 




^KT 






South Carolina and Georgia. Among the very first were 
the Count de Choiseul, the Barings, the British consul 
Mollyneaux. and a half dozen or so of planters and their 
families from the coast, who, 
finding this climate so en- 
tirely different from their 
own, the place so unique of 
all others in the mountains, 
set up their summer lodges 
here. At the present time 
these places, about fifty in 
number, cover an area of five 
or six miles and are pictur- 
esquely wooded with the fra- -^-^w^-t- 
grant pine, the oak, the hayward white sulphur sprinc*^. waynesville, s. c. 
hickory, dogwood, sassafras, the crimson maple, the distance of 350 feet, 
hemlock and the holly, thickly interspersed with the 
beautiful mountain laurel and azaleas of colors the 
most gorgeous and the most delicate, while flowers and 
ferns fringe with beauty "the banks and braes and 
streams around." Streams flow into artificial lakes shut 
in by rugged hills, and beautiful with blue inverted skies. 
Paths winding through the sweet shades lead out 
upon different points of interest, among them the quaint 
and picturesque church 
built eighty years ago by 
the Barings, of London 
banking fame, and called 
"St. John in the Wilder- 
ness." Its nearby vine- 
covered rectory is so clas- 
sical that one involun- 
tarily expects to see the 
Vicar of Wakefield step 
out from its portals. Flat 
Rock is provided with 
ample accommodations 
for the entertainment of 
guests, and no more rest- 
ful or healthy spot exists 
on the American conti- 
nent. All of the neigh- 
boring old estates are 



thrown together in such a way that visitors, who are 
always welcome to do so, may enjoy many miles of beau- 
tiful drives from which the loveliest of mountain and 
nearby views may be enjoyed. 

Saluda, nine miles beyond Flat Rock, is 2,250 feet 
.ibove sea level. In approaching it from the south there 
is for three miles an ascent of 237 feet to the mile, two 
locomotives being necessary on each train. The little 
town, handsomely situated on this elevated plateau, is 
nestled amid forest-covered hills ranging from 100 to 400 
feet above the depot. On these hills, families, princi- 
pally from Columbia, Charleston and the coast, have 
built their airy, shady homes, and spend their summers 
enjoying, in the cool breezes of the mountains, the re- 
pose of country life without its loneliness. 

Saluda has two good hotels and several boarding 
houses, so that the stranger within its gates is certain to 
find accommodations of a satisfactory type. 

The little town of Tryon is forty-three miles from 
Asheville and twenty-seven from Spartanburg, and is 
1,500 feet above sea level. The scenery hereabouts is 
beautiful beyond description. The mountains are cov- 
ered to their very summits with verdure, and whether in 
the budding of spring, the 
full foliage of summer, or 
the gorgeous coloring of 
autumn, the ever-changing 
picture is always one of 
beauty, charming to the eye. 
The waterfalls and cascades 
of the Pacolet River and its 
tributaries are far famed. 
The Horseshoe Falls, on 
Spring Mountain, tumble 
down the mountain side a 
A good road leads to the top of 
Rocky Spur, a peak 4,000 feet high, a trip that can be 
made between breakfast and dinner ; and the sightseer 
will find a com- 



fortable hotel, 
the Skyuka, 
near the top of 
Tryon Moun- 
tain, passing 




^biiWjta^ 




THE MOCN'TArS PARK HOTEL, HOT SPRISr.S, N. C. 





e/i route under 
the celebrated 
Horseshoe Falls. The 
roads about Tryon are 
being improved, and a 
day's ride through this 
picturesque country will 
not soon be forgotten. 

No chapter upon the 
scenic beauties and at- 
tractions of the "Land 
of the Sky" would be 
complete without refer- 
ence to that magnificent portion known 
as the Grandfather's Mountain and 
Blowing Rock region, which lies north- 
east of Asheville, between Lenoir and 
Cranberry, and chiefly in Watauga 
county, North Carolina. 

To reach it travelers leave the 
Southern Railway at Hickory, which 
is between Salisbury and Asheville, 
and take the Carolina & North- 
western Railroad to Lenoir, twenty 
miles distant. 

Lenoir has a population of about 



2,000 and is a verj' attractive mountain town. It enjoys 
a large local trade, which comes from the rich agri- 
cultural section that surrounds it. It also has ex- 
tensive lumber interests, being one of the largest 
hardwood markets in the Southern States. The 
town is built upon an elevated tableland between 
two ranges of mountains, and the horizon line on 
;;^^__.. all points of the compass is broken by the graceful 
^^^^^ summits of towering ranges. 
ifl^^^^ From Lenoir to Cranberry, over near the 

^^^^^^^^ Tennessee line, stretches one of the most 
^^^^^^1^ magnificent mountain boulevards on the 
J||HHB^ American continent. It can be compared 
""^ ~ only to the Furca and other famous passes 
of Switzerland. It is fifty-six miles between 
the two places, and for nearl)' half of this 
distance a full trot may be held in one 
long sweep around dizzy heights and 
along the edge of deep-shadowed gorges. 
The finely graded road hugs the mountain 
side closely, and with every turn there 
opens before the vision an entrancing 
panorama of graceful forest-clad 
summits above and lovely valleys 
below. If the journey be made in 
May or June, the banks of the 
streams and acres of the lower 
mountain sides will be radiant in 
the blossoms of the rhododendrons 
and azaleas. Look where you 
will, from the crystal streams 
dashing down the mountain 
side to the towering summit 
of Grandfather's Mountain, 
which is always coming into 
view, and each time showing 
a different face, the panorama 
is one of surpassing loveliness. 
" Off to the south and west 
rise Table Rock, Hawk's Bill, 
King's Mountain, Mitchell's 
Peak (the highest east of the 
Rockies), and towering above 
them ail, because of its prox- 
imity, the Grandfathi -, it , • , .-i 




the profile of an old man's face. The road 
winds among the hills for six or seven 
miles, (jnd then strikes the Yadkin River, 
and follows it to the cool, bubbling 
spring which is its source. The scen- 
ery grows more wild and rugged as -i^^ 
we climb ; so dense is the under- 
growth which springs from the black 
mould that we wonder how the S(iuir- 
rels which are frisking about have 
the temerity to venture into such a 
tangle. The horses struggle up the 
ascent, and turning a sharp angle 
in the road, the whole world, as it 
were, lies below us. We look sheer 
down into the tree tops which skirt 
the John's River, and then out into 
the sweeping lines of the Blue Ridge 
as they rise, range upon range, and seem to melt 
into the blue of the sky. If the start from Lenoir 
has been made in the afternoon, the air grows 
chilly before the summit is reached, and search is 
made among the luggage for shawls and rugs. As 
day declines, the sun seems to pause a moment on a 
distant peak, flooding all the surrounding mountains 
with violet light, and then sinks to rest. The darkness 
falls quickly. You are tired now and close your e.yes a 
moment, but some one breaks in upon your reverie with 
an exclamation of wonder. You look up to find the 
world flooded with moonlight. It rests like a halo over 
the mountains, and tips every fern and balsam bough 
with silver. You climb on, a mile perhaps, amid this 
glory, when the tired horses, admonished by voice and 
whip, break into a brisk run, and the hotel, all aglow 
with the ruddy light of open wood fires, stands hospitably 
before you, the first stage of the journey being ended." 
There are three hotels at Blowing Rock, the Wau- 
tauga, the Blowing Rock and the Green Park. The 





ONE OF THE LAKES AT FLAT ROCK, N. C, 

view from the highest pinnacle of Blowing Rock, which 
has an elevation of 4,340 feet, is sublimely beautiful, and 
all the earth seems at one's feet. Range after range 
comes tumbling in from the horizon line like the waves 
of the sea, and as far as the eye can reach in every 
direction the view is one of sublime grandeur and 
beautv. 



CHURCH OF ST. JOHN I.N THE WILDERNESS '■ 
FI.AI" kOCK, N C. 

Here summer reigns with moderate sway; during 
the season 85° is the highest temperature recorded; tor 
two successive Augusts the daily maximum ranged from 
67° to 84°. The days are pleasant; the nights more 
pleasant, if possible; a seat by an open fire and a sleep 
under blankets make the dark hours delightful; nerves 
regain tone, muscles grow strong, blood reddens, 
dyspepsia and headaches flee away in the life-giving 
atmosphere above the clouds of the valleys. 

Points of vantage for views abound. No two give 
the scores of mountain .sides or tops from the same direc- 
tion or at the same angle; the sights are almost kaleido- 
scopic in variety. 

At one place and hour there spreads below you a 
white and silent sea of mist; in a moment the vast, still 
surface begins to heave, to toss, to break ; green peaks 
emerge from snowy billows, hillsides next appear, and 
then the gathered waves float upward to the clouds, 
disclosing in all its bravery of field and forest, winding 
streams and rocky cliffs, the great valley which drains 
ihe waters from the southern slope of the Appalachian 
range. From another point, and as the evening sun tips 
the crests with flame, you see, as if they grew loftier 
while you look, the giant tops of Roan and Grandfather, 
Bald, Yellow, and Black, .scores with no name at all, 
clean cut against a clear blue sky, so calm and still, so 
mighty and reposeful, lifting the soul as the)' seem to 
lift themselves. 

Where the great spur already mentioned joins the 
Blue Ridge, an overhanging shelf of rock projects from 
the top so far over the " Globe " or valley of John's River 
as to catch and for a time confine the currents of air .sent 
up from the depths as the northerly winds, finding no 



75 




Tlit; r.RF_I.N I'AKK HnTI-L, ItLOWING ROCK, X C, 

outlet, strike against the face of the cliff. The air 
presently finds egress over the top, and the force with 
which it boils up gives the name of Blowing Rock to the 
beetling crag. When the winds are right any light 
article, handkerchief, scarf, hat or bush thrown from the 
ape.K, instead of reaching the bottom thousands of feet 
below, is borne upward and back again to the spot 
whence it was dismissed. The name of the cliff has 
become that of the village nearby where the road to Boon 
intersects the old turnpike. 

Blowing Rock is pre-eminently cosmopolitan. There 
the summer girl may dress and dance and ride to the 
very fullness of her heart's desire. Or, she may let her 
finery lay hidden in the depths of her trunk and go 
tramping about in thick shoes and short skirts from sun- 
rise until dark. It is beautiful to watch the invalid's 
color come stealing back, and the poor little sickly chil- 
dren grow round-limbed and brown in the bracing 
atmosphere. Verily, this is nature's great sanitarium, 



where that good old mother takes her children into her 
lap and soothes their jangled nerves; where the doctors 
are never in evidence and the medicines always 
delightful." 

The twenty-mile drive from Blowing Rock to Linn- 
ville is over a road which for surveyors' skill has no 
superior in America. For miles it traverses the forest 
primeval, and from one point furnishes a view of match- 
less grandeur, and from another a glimpse of some sweet, 
quiet valley with perchance the modest home of some 
mountaineer and its little clearing far away below. 
Everywhere the wild flowers grow in profusion, and 
countless mountain streams murmur greetings as you 
pass. Nine and a half miles beyond Blowing 
Rock the traveler comes to the eastern boun- 
dary of the great park of 16,000 acres owned 
by the Linnville Improvement Company, and 
the first view, from a point 1,500 feet above 
it, is had of the beautiful valley of the Linn- 
ville River. Far awaj' to the west and nest- 
ling in the heart of the valley is the charming 
Eseeola Inn, with its surrounding picturesque 
cottages. You may imagine it a little bit 
of Switzerland dropped down in our own 
"Land of the Sky." The inn is of pleasing 
architecture, and has all the conveniences 
found in the best resort hotels, including 
an excellent orchestra. Nearby is a large artificial 
lake, and in every direction the beautiful roads tempt 
the visitor to ride and drive, while those who enjoy 





ON THE Sl'MMIT OF G RAN'DFATH F.K MOl'NTAt.N' 

trout-fishing will find in the neighboring streams oppor- 
tunities which will aft'ord a truthful basis for start- 
ling fish stories in the days to come. From the Eseeola 
Inn the main road continues to Cranberry, and from 
here the railroad may be taken to Roan Mountain, 
Tenn., or on to Kno.wille. 

Another section of the "Land of the Sky" which 
attracts many visitors because of its solitary and grand 
scenery is that abotit Hickory Nut Gap and Chimney 
Rock. It is almost due east from Asheville, and may be 
reached from that city by mountain conveyance. The 
trip will, however, amply repay the tourist, forthe rugged, 
dizzy heights and the deep, sombre gorges are fasci- 
natinglygiandand sublime. There isahotelat Chimney 
Rock which furnishes comfortable accommodations. 

Hot Springs, on the French Broad River, is the best- 
known resort in North Carolina after Asheville. It is 
thirty-eight miles w-est of the latter place and but a short 
distance from the Tennessee state line. It antedates 



76 




Asheville by many 

years, for as long 

ago as 1771 there 

was a settlement 

here, and in 1790 

the first public 

house was erected, 

as even in those early 

lays the wonderful 



MOUNT MITCIIF.I 




F COLORADO 



curative properties of its waters had become known, and 
the settlers for hundreds of miles around were wont to 
bring their sick here for the benefits to be derived from 
the baths. To-day, the Hot Springs of North Carolina 
is one of the best-known health resorts in America, and 
its handsome modern hotel, the Mountain Park, is fre- 
quently taxed to its utmost capacity to accommodate 
the great number of representative people who gather 
here from North, East, South and West. 

The Southern Railway, from Asheville to the Hot 
Springs, follows closely for the entire distance the tor- 
tuous windings of the historic and beautiful French 
Broad River. 

Of such a stream the poets might sing, for it is 
matchless in its setting of mountains and in the beauty 
of its graceful curves. Nearby the springs, the moun- 
tains, as if determined to head it off in its mad race to 
the lowlands, crowd in the closer and build high and 
rugged barriers on either side, between which the river, 
lashed into a fury of foam, tosses and frets as if impetu- 
ous at the encroachment. Closer and closer crowd in tlicse 
mighty "battlements of nature," until it seems as if the 
victory must be theirs, when suddenly they spring apart, 
as if abandoning the struggle, and sink away on either 
side far into the distance, while the river, tired from the 
mighty strife, glides out into tranquil pools and lazily 
meanders through the broad and pas- 
toral valley ot the ..i^^'^*'^i5'^f 
Hot Springs. 
About a mile be- 
yond the gorge is 
located the Moun- 
tain Park Hotel, 
crowning the cen- 
ter of d large and 
handsome private 
park. It stands 
close to the river, 
along the bank of 



which are located the modern bathing houses where 
the hot baths may be taken in handsome marble tubs 
under the best medical advice. The hotel has accom- 
modations for three hundred guests, and is a well-man- 
aged, delightful place in which to sojourn whether one is 
ill or well. The waters are especially efficacious in rheu- 
matic and gouty ailments and have wrought many really 
wonderful cures. The surrounding country has many 
points of interest, notably the famous and historic Paint 
Rock, which marks the dividing line between 
"" North Carolina and Tennessee, and is but si.\ 
miles from the hotel. 

In the foregoing pages there has been given 
a brief outline of what the noble State of North 
Carolina has been accomplishing in the line of 
material development, and a suggestion of its in- 
numerable and charming natural features. 

That it is destined to become a great com- 
mercial and industrial empire there can be no 
question, and that it will eventually be to the 
United States, in a tourist sense, what Switzer- 
land is to Europe, there is but little doubt in the 
minds of those who are familiar with the great 
advantages it possesses for both scenery and health. 
The fast and perfect train service of the Southern Rail- 
way has brought it to a neighborly distance of the chief 
centers of population in the Eastern, Southern and 
Central States. Its citizens are alert, intelligent and 
enterprising, and its undeveloped opportunities invite 
the farmer and mechanic, the banker and the merchant, 
the manufacturer and the artist to a share in the distribu- 
tion of its wealth 





The growth of the South in all lines 
of human activity is, according to one of 
America's greatest orators, to be one ot the 
most striking features of the next two decades. In this 
growth and development the State of North Carolina 
is certain to have a most prominent and conspicuous 
part. Its thriving cities and fertile lands already 
foreshadow a great future. It is a vast empire in ter- 
ritory, and a great 
treasure house of 
natural wealth, 
which is respond- 
ing generously to 
modern energy. 



DAVin^OV COLl-Er.E, DAVIDSON, N. C. 




fty^H.. ^' -t 



ra ? 



^L J*?44<*:?r;>.^ 



OUTn I AROLINA 




•Jv^nr^-.W' 







^i>l5^ 




To South Carolina belongs the hig-h honor of being one of the 
earliest, if not the very first colony to offer a premium for 
immigration. This stroke of enterprise was made over two 
centuries ago, in 1670, when the low-rent inducement was held out 
by the Ashley River settlement, under Sayle, of land at halfpenny 
per acre for five years. This invitation wafted across the sea 
brought many settlers to the palmetto-fringed State, and marked 
the beginning of a progressive policy that is being followed, in this 
later time, throughout all the South with the most prosperous and 
beneficent results. 

To-day South Carolina remains true to her past. She offers a 
comfortable home with all the conveniences of modern civilization, 
fine farming land at a nominal price, good titles to every foot of it, 
and a cordial welcome to the home-seeker. To capital she offers fair 
and just laws, ample protection to property, an honest and honor- 
able class of working people, good markets at home and the best 
facilities for reaching those abroad, abundant and safe banking 
facilities, in many instances exemption from local taxation and a 
helping hand— a hand with dollars in it. 

The inheritance of enterprise in fostering immigration is not 
the only bequest from the past of which South Carolina is proud. 
Her patriotic record during the War for Independence is a splendid 
legacy of deeds of high emprise, all of which made for liberty. Her 
Laurenses, her Rutledges, her Pinckneys were noble contributors to 
the cause of the country's freedom. They stood with the Wash- 
ingtons, the Jeffersons, the Henrys and the other immortals of the 
"Old Dominion," and won for South Carolina the high place of being 
second only to Virginia, among the Southern colonies, in the heroic 
struggle to break the bonds of England. 

It was from the friendly cover of her forests that Marion and 
his men darted and struck telling blows for freedom. It was at 
Cowpens, within her borders, that Colonel Washington defeated the 
brilliant English cavalry leader Tarleton, and made the occasion for 
one of the choicest ban mots of patriotism. In a London drawing- 
room, years after the Revolution, it is related that Colonel Tarleton 
was recounting his exploits in the Lower Carolina. On referring to 
the battle fought at Cowpens, a noble lady inquired if it was not 
there that he had met Colonel Washington. Tarleton replied that it 
was, and added, in a contemptuous way, that the American was an 
illiterate rowdy of a soldier. "Ah, my dear Colonel," the lady is said 
to have responded, as she looked at Tarleton's fingerless hand where 
Washington's sword had struck, "though he may not have been able 
to write, he certainly could make his mark." 

In the first foreign difficulty to confront the republic, the contro- 
versy with France in Washington's administration, it was a son of 

79 



-^e?;, 
:)/'.'. 



i 




jBar'~Tisr 



South Carolina, the able Pinckney, 
who declared •'millions for defence, 
but not one cent for tribute." The 
traditions of patriotism and of enter- 
prise are woven into the woof of the 
State's history. They are an inspira- 
tion to-day in the work to achieve a 
high place for South Carolina in 
America's industrial progress. That 
they form an effective inspiration, 
these pages, giving a brief chronicle 
of actual accomplishment, will serve 
to show. 

As a preface to the State's re- 
sources and their development, it will 
be interesting to look for a moment 
at South Carolina's topography. The 
State is naturally divided into three 
parts, the hill or up-country, the mid- 
dle country, and the coast or low 

country. The latter is rich in vast timber tracts 
and in boundless swamps full of the glory of cypress 
and pine. Here grow the palmetto, which gives 
the State its name, and the long staple cotton, fine 
as the silk of the Orient. This is a land of sunshine, 
whose flora is radiantly beautiful the whole year 
through. It is a land where the mellow tints of the 
long-ago lend a dreamy charm to life, and make 
the past almost as attractive as the future. 
' The middle country is undulating, 

broken here and there by sand hills. 
Dotted over it are beautiful farms and 
busy towns. The rivers, on their way 
to the sea, widen out and become 
the water highways for a con- 
siderable commerce. It is a 
region of prosperous agricul- 
ture, and the home of a pro- 
gressive people. 




^lii 





i 



f 




But it is the up-country which seems most favored, 
as was the hill country of Judea, where "shepherds 
tended their flocks by night." It is not only a land of 
promise, but, in the happy phrase of the region, "a land 
of fulfillment " as well. A fertile soil yields a bounteous 
variety of crops, and a busy industry, to the hum of a mil- 
lion spindles, changes raw material into finished product. 
In this section are some of the most progressive cities in 
the South. It 
is the rich Pied- 
mont, whose op- 
ulent stretches 
have been fol- 
lowed thither 
from their be- 
ginning in Vir- 
ginia through 
North Carolina. 
The scenery 
of this region is 
picturesquely 
beautiful and 

presents many attractions to both health-seekers and 
tourists, as well as to settlers. The Saluda Mountains, 
which constitute a portion of the northwest boundary, 
and which are spurs of the Blue Ridge, have several 
peaks which rise like turrets on a battlement, 
reaching a height in King's Mountain of 1,692 
feet; Paris Mountain, 2,054; Table Rock, 3000; 
CiEsar's Head, 3,iiS, and Pinnacle Mountain, 
3,436 feet, and form the background to a most 
deUghttul landscape. In the Piedmont are 
many rapids and falls affordmg excellent water 
power, and there are numerous points admi- 
rably located for mill sites and a variety of 
manufacturing plants. 

South Carolina is one of the leading States 
of the South both in the production and manu- 
facture of cotton. She raises annually nearly 
one-tenth of the American crop. This great 
staple, always as good as gold, has the first 
place in the State's agricultural products. In 
1S97 the crop was Soo.ooo bales, and it had a 



COUNTY COURT HOUSE, COLU.MBI.V, S. C. 



So 



-9^-.. 



.ddALMi 



^^ ^^^ "^M ^^ ^^^ ^S ^M* i^^ 



ELECTR[C POWER HOUSE 
COLUMBIA, S. C. 



total value of §29.408,000. In 1S96 the crop brought 
$27,283,760, and in 1895 $24,000,000. 

For this great crop there is a home manufacturing 
market that is every year consuming a larger proportion 
of the total product. The South Carolina cotton mills in 

1596 consumed 254,698 bales, and in 

1597 327,643 bales, nearly one-half 
of the State's 1897 crop. As home 
consumption saves the cost of trans- 
portation, it means, of course, an 
increased profit to the producer. 
There are at present 95 mills in the 
State, with 1,250,324 spindles. Be- 
sides all the general causes for draw- 
ing the cotton mills from North to 
South, South Carolina has the special 
cause of abundant and cheap water 
power. As showing what a great 
advantage this is, the average cost 
for the whole State of one water 
horse-power is $1.70, while the cost 
for the same power in 
Lawrence, Mass., is 
$14.12; in Lowell, 
$20; Paterson,N. J., 
$37. 50 ; Cohoes, N. 
Y. , $20, and in Day- 
ton, Ohio, $3 7. 

This conjunQ. 
tion in South Caro' 
lina of raw material 
and natural power 
has led to a devel- 
opment of cotton 
manufacturing that 
is unprecedented in 
Americanindustrial 
history. In 1S80 the 
United States Cen- 
sus showed that 
South Carolina had 
14 cotton mills of 
82,334 spindles. 



employing 2,083 hands, paying $380,000 in wages, having 
$2,776,000 capital, consuming 15,601,000 pounds of cotton, 
costing Si.So8.ooo, and yielding a product valued at 
$2,895,000. 

The statistics of cotton mills for the year ending 
August 31, 1S97, made by Henry G. Hester, secretary of 
the New Orleans Cotton Exchange, show that South 
Carolina had a total of 1,250,324 cotton spindles, of which 
1,055,824 were in operation, 47,500 were new and just 
starting up, 132,000 were new, not completed, and only 
15,000 were idle. Such a striking exhibit tells a most 
eloquent story of progress. 

A growing home market offered by these mills is 
but one of the hopeful factors in the future of cotton 
raising. The other is a more intensive method of farm- 
ing. The latter has been attended by marked 
increase in yield, and has 
made it clear that 
cotton can be raised 
at a profit when 
its price is low. 





I- iy.-.mm**^' > 



COLUMBIA, S. C. 



But South Carolina is 
a land of corn, as well as of 
cotton. In fact, a farmer 
of the State, a few years 
ago, won a $i,ooo prize for 
the greatest yield of corn 
to the acre, in competition 
with the entire United 
States, his yield having 
been 254 bushels to the acre. 





was revived. The crop has 
been found so profitable 
that it will, without doubt, 
be produced in larger quan- 
tities each year. The ma- 
hogany and gold leaf grow 
equally well, and the quality 
is so high that South Caro- 
lina tobacco commands top 
prices. The handling of the 



All the other cereals are grown to a greater or less 

degree. The wheat yield is from one to two million 

bushels a year. Rye and barley both grow well, but the 

yield is not large, as they are cultivated to only a very 

limited extent. Oats are more 

commonly grown and are found 

a profitable crop. They are 




A SOUTH CAROLIN 



often alternated with "cow peas," which furnish good 
food for both man and beast, and the land, too, giving 
to it much needed nitrogen. 

Tobacco is a crop claiming increasing attention, 
after a practically total eclipse for nearly a century, 
owing to the almost exclusive culture of cotton that 
followed the invention of the gin. In 1791 8,000 tons of 
tobacco were shipped from Charleston. At that time 
and before it was one of the State's chief money crops. 
But its culture waned with the enlarging dominion of 
King Cotton, and it was not till a few years ago that it 



crop has made profitable the opening of warehouses for 
the sale of leaf tobacco in many of the towns, thus con- 
tributing directly to both business and agricultural 
progress. From a product so small as to be scarcely 
reckoned in iSgo as among the State's resources, tobacco 
has advanced to an annual crop of several million pounds, 
and to a place of great importance on the right side of 
South Carolina's annual balance sheet. It grows in all 
parts of the State, and thrives especially in the fertile 
Piedmont region. 

Fruit has always been raised for home consumption, 
but the possibilities of its cultivation for profit have only 
recently received the attention they merited. The ener- 
getic farmers and fruit growers of this section have 
realized that the peculiar adaptability of the soil of this 
region, the ever temperate climate, and the rapidly 
increasing demand of the Southern, Northern and 
Eastern markets, added to the now excellent facilities in 
the line of transportation, have opened a broad field in 
the matter of fruit growing, and one in which there are 
great possibilities for profit. Now, on the beautiful hill- 
sides of the Piedmont clustering vineyards are offering 
their purple fruit to the wine press, and bringing to their 
owners a handsome return. In Oconee, Greenville, 
Anderson and Richland counties in particular, wine- 
making has been found profitable. Both the grape and 
the peach are native to South Carolina, having been 




THF. WATER 





ta 



■ .if 



found growing wild on St. 
Helena Island, off the 
coast, by the first set- 
tlers. The peach, ap- 
ple, quince, plum, apri- 
cot and cherry, as well 
as the grape, thrive in 
the Piedmont region, 
famous for its 
fruits and its 
crops through- 
out its entire 
length. The 
peaches grow 
to an immense 
size without 
losing any of 
their delicate 
flavor. As 



indicating 
the reliability 
of the fruit crop, a 
record was kept in 
Spartanburg 
county for a period 
of forty years, 
during which late 
frosts killed the 
fruit but once. 
This reliability is a char- 
acteristic of the State. 
South Carolina is iu truth 
"the land of fulfillment." jj-— .-^- 

As might be expected from 
a State having the palmetto as 
a sign manual. South Carolina >« 

is rich in timber. There is in- 
vested in the lumber indu.stry over 
$4,000,000, and the annual output has a 
value of §10,000,000. There are nearly 300 
lumber mills in the State, scattered in every 
section, and all operated at a profit. There 
are not less than 10,000,000 acres of yellow 
pine, furnishing a variety of valuable products 
in addition to lumber. An appreciative writer 
recently said: "Man finds his best forest friend in the 
South CaroHna pine tree. Its value to the race is ines- 
timable. We use, day after day, liniments for bruises 
and inflammations, the chief constituent of which is tur- 
pentine, the refined sap of the pine tree. It is used in 
paints, in removing stains, in medicines. In fact, its use- 
fulness has found no bounds. Rosin 
and tar, creosote and lamp black arc 
all products of the pine sap. 
Its long needles 
have been woven 
into cloth for car- 
pets and bagging, 
and proved in 




THE OLD CALHOUN MANSION' AT FOFT ] 1 1 L L, i. 

many things to be superior to jute. The consumptive 
finds peace and ease in breathing the air perfumed with 
the exhalations of the royal pine. The worker in wood 
finds in it as beautiful paneling as the eesthetic heart 
can desire." 

Lumber is manufactured into doors, sash and blinds, 

wagons and other articles of commerce at Abbeville, 

Aiken, Anderson, Columbia, Greenville, Greenwood, 

Newbury and other towns. As showing how much this 

industry can be developed, of the State's total area of 

iS, 000,000 acres, 12,000,000 are covered with timber. 

Besides pine, there are the magnolia, the sweet and 

black gum, black walnut, cypress, elm, hickory, 

maple, sycamore, ash, chestnut, beech, locust, 

■ persimmon, dogwood and poplar. 

This inexhaustible supply offers 
many opportunities for profitable in- 
vestment, and is an illustration, on a 
far-reaching scale, of the prodigality 
with which Nature has dowered South 
Carolina with resources. Nothing is 
lacking to complete a round of native 
opulence: there are the cereals and 
^ fruits in abundance for bodily 
sustenance, the silky cotton for 
raiment, rivers swiftly coursing 
with power for factories, forests 
lifting up in their tall trunks 
many a length of stout timber for 
house and church and school. To 
man's hand Nature seems to bring 
everything he needs, and 
with it a fine climate. 






REPRESENTATIVE 

ItUtl.niNGS 

GREENVILLE, S. C. 



S3 



A MODEST HOME 



As a building material, in addition to 
lumber, there is stone in abundance, and 
of the finest quality. South Carolina gran- 
ite has become famous. It has a cleavage 
almost as smooth as wood, and it whitens 
with age so that it closely resembles marble. 
At Winnsboro, on the Southern Railway, 
are located some of the largest quarries in 
the State. They have furnished the stone 
for some of the finest buildings in the South, 
and for such imposing edifices as the Car- 
negie Library in Pittsburg. Granite is also 
found in profitable quantities in Richland, 
Newberr)', Oconee and Abbeville counties. 
The annual commerce of the State, 
representing th^ aggregate in value of the 
interchange of the prod- 
ucts of the field, the fac- 
tory, the forest and the 

juarry, it is estimated, 
reaches the stupendous 
amount of $1,500,- 
000,000. While 
. there is still con- 
siderable im- 
portation of 
goods from the 
North, the 
^amount, in 
relation 





THE 

AND POW 

I'tLZE 



DAM 
ER HOUSE, 
K, S. C. 








to consumption, is yearly growing 
less with the enlarging home manu- 
facture of raw materials. The State's 
vast commerce is widening each year 
as a result of the inflowing tide of 
immigration, drawn bj' the affluence 
of opportunity offered in every field 
of human endeavor. 

The main line of the Southern 
Railway crosses the northwestern 



section of South Carolina. On this main 
stem are Blacksburg, Gaffney, Cowpens, Clifton, 
Spartanburg, Wellford, Greers, Greenville, Easley, 
Siberly, Central, Calhoun, Seneca and Westmin- 
ster. At Spartanburg is the junction with that 
portion of the road coming from the west through 
Asheville and continuing to Columbia, where it 
intersects the line from the north which leaves 
the main stem at Charlotte, N. C, and runs 
to Columbia, passing through Pinevillo, Fort 
Mill, Rock Hill, Chester, Blackstock, Winnsboro, 
Rockton, Blythwood and Ridgeway. Between 
Spartanburg and Columbia are the towns of 
Gleudale, Rich Hill, Pacolet, Union, Strothers, 
Carlisle and Alston, towns noted for their 
cotton mills and general industries. 
, From Greenville, on the main stem south 
of Spartanburg, a line runs also to Colum- 
bia through Piedmont, 
Pelzer, Belton (from 
which a branch runs to 
Anderson), Donnalds, 
Hodges (branch from 
here to Abbeville), 
Greenwood, Prosper- 
ity, Newberry and 
Alston. 

At Columbia con- 
nection is made with 
the Florida Central & 
Peninsular, upon which 
the through trains of 




CMSAR'S HEAD, NEAR CKEKNVM.LE, S. C. 



the Southern Railway 
continue on to Sa- 
vannah, Everett, 
Jacksonville and 
Florida points. 




COTTON MILLS AT 
TELZER, S C. 



Connection is 
also made here- 
with the Soutii 
Carolina & Georgia R. R. and with the Atlantic Coast 
Line. The through trains of the Southern between 
Charleston and Asheville, N. C, are operated over the 
former road between Charleston and Columbia. From 
Columbia the Southern Railway runs southwesterly to 
Aiken, S. C. , and Augusta, Ga. , passing 
through the towns of Lexington, Lees- 
ville, Batcsburg, Ridge Springs, John- 
stons, Trenton, Vaucluse, Graniteville, 
King and Bath. This is known as 
the region of cotton mills, and all 
along this portion of the line there is 
great development in the cotton mill- 
ing industry. 

But the State, while enlarging her 
commerce, is not forgetful of her 
schools. Her constitution provides 
for a two-mill tax on all property, 
and a one-dollar poll tax on all men 
between twenty-one and sixty years of 
age, for the support of her public 
school system. This zeal for enlighten- 
ment is not of recent growth. In 1710 
South Carolina established her first 
free schools, and a graded system 
covering the State was inaugurated in 
181 1 and reorganized in 186S. This 
system provides for the free instruc- 
tion of all children between the ages 
of six and sixteen, irrespective of 



color or race, in the primary and intermediate grades. 
The State Superintendent of Education supplies 
these interesting statistics of South Carolina's educa- 
tional progress : The number of public schools in the 
State in 1890 was 3,155; in 1897, 4.1S9. The number of 
pupils enrolled in iSqo was 203,140; in 1S97, 258,183. 
The total appropriation for schools in 1890 was S449,- 
S36.91, while in 1S97 it was §705,264.06, an increase of 
1255,428. 

The State Univer.sit)' has one 
branch, the South Carolina College, at 
Columbia; another branch, the State 
Military School at Charleston ; and still 
another, Clemson College for the In- 
struction of White Males in Agricul- 
ture and the Jlechanical Arts, at Cal- 
houn. Winthrop College, for young 
women, at Rockhill, and the Institute 
for the Education of the Deaf and 
Dumb, are also under State patronage. 
In addition to these State institutions 
there are many private and denomina- 
tional colleges and schools,such as Fur- 
. man University at Greenville, Wofford 
College and Converse College at Spar- 
tanburg, Claflin University for Colored 
Youth at Orangeburg, Medical Col- 
lege of South Carolina at Charleston, 
College of Charleston at Charleston, 
(Jreenville College for women at 
Greenville, Leesville College at Lees- 
ville, Female College and Erskine 
College for young men at Due West, 
Presbyterian College of South Carolina and Thornwall 
Orphanage at Clinton, Newberry College at Newberry, 
Presbyterian College for women, Allen University and 
Benedict College at Columbia, Cooper Limestone Insti- 
tute at Gaffney, Sumter Institute at Sumter, Clifford 




A SOrrH CAROLINA VINFVARD 



Seminary at Union, and Chicora College for young 
women at Greenville. 

After this survey of the agricultural, manufacturing 
and educational resources of South Carolina, it would be 




A TIKPEMIXE STILL 



oifering a chapter that would be incomplete indeed 
were not some mention made, however inadequate, of 
those centers of enterprise and industry, the cities and 
towns of the State. They are awake to their opportuni- 
ties, and they have the pluck to improve them. It is 
their own progressive example, in showing a faith lumi- 
nous with works that all the world could see, that has 
been the chief incentive to immigration and inflowing 
capital. Confidence in their own future and that of their 
State has begotten confidence. Local capital has not 
waited for outside capital to build cotton mills, but has 
itself led the way, and the hum of the factories with which 
it has dotted the State has been heard afar, till now it is 
every day drawing men and money from the North to 
build new mills, thus swelling the music of the pros- 
perous spindles. 

One of the leaders from the first in this splendid 

industrial 
movement 
has been 
Columbia. 





IL GR.\N1TE QL 



S, r.\COLLT, S, C. 



Set on a hill of general observation by reason of being 
the State capital, and located in almost the exact center 
of the State, it has seen to it that its progress has been 
commensurate with its prominence. Every city, like 
every man, has its strong point, its determining factor 



in prosperity. When a city has a dozen strong points, it 
offers convincing assurance of a splendid destiny.* Such 
a city in truth is Columbia. Being the State capital, it 
is the center of political influence. The legislature meets 
annually, in January, the session lasting from 
thirty to forty days. It is the railroad center 
of the State. Eight lines radiate from its hub: 
the great Southern Railway in four directions 
— to Charlotte and the North, to Augusta and 
the South, to Spartanburg, AsheviUe and the 
West, to Greenville, Anderson and all points in 
the Piedmont. By reason of these unsurpassed 
railroad facilities, and its mid-State location, 
Columbia is a great distributing center. It is 
directly connected with and almost equidistant 
from the ports of Savannah, Port , 
Royal, Charleston and Georgetown. 
Its wholesale and jobbing business, 
already considerable, is increasing 
steadily because of advantageous 
rates and the facilities for quick 
distribution. 

Columbia is one of the edu- 
cational centers of the State. It is the 
seat of the South Carolina Col- 
lege, the State institution of 
highest learning; the 
Columbia Female Col- 
lege (Methodist), the ■^ ':; 
Presbyterian Col- ' \ 
lege for women, the 
Presbyterian The- 
ological Semin- 
ary of the South- 
east, AUea Uni- 
versity (colored), 
Benedict Insti- 
tute (colored), the 
Columbia Busi- 
ness College ; the Ursuline (Catholic) Institute, three 
high schools, a school of stenography and t5-pewriting, 
and a fine free public school system, of ten grades, for 
white and colored children. Two great State institutions, 
the hospital for the insane and the penitentiary, are 
located here. 

The city has extensive manufactur- 
ing interests. The Columbia canal, 
three and one-half miles long, yields 
within the city limits 14,000 horse- 
jiower. Ten thousand horse-power of 
this is now electrically developed by 
the owners of the property, the Colum- 
bia Water Power Company, a corpora- 
tion of New England capitalists. The 
great electric power-house, with its 
eight huge turbines of 1,250 horse- 
]>ower each, is one of the sights of the 
South, a veritable Mecca for progress- 
ive mill men, a delegation of whom recently came from 
New England to see it, and also several of the other more 
recent developments of the South. This electric power 
can be delivered anywhere in or near the city, and is the 
cheapest power in the country. 






'^mmmm' 




CITY HALL, NEWBERRY, S. C. 



86 



The three lar 
by electricity and 
120,000 spindles 
mills which will 
lation of fully 
large cotton -seed 
capacity of 300 
fertilizer facto 
cotton-batting 
shops of the 
foundries and 
ber and wood 



jje cotton mills in Columbia operated 
steam and aggregating not less than 
are but the advance guard of 
of themselves support a popu- 
40,000. Columbia also has two 
oil mills, with a daily crushing 
tons, two hosiery mills, two 
ries of heavy production, a 
mill, the building and repair 
Southern Railway, two 
machine shops, two lum- 
working plants, and a cotton 
compress. 

As a health re- 
sort Columbia 
is un su r - 
passed. The 
winter cli- 
mate is most 
agreeable, 
here is but 




little bad weather from September to May. The air is 
crisp and bracing. The city is built on a granite spur 
of the Piedmont region, which projects into the long- 
leaf pine belt. The mean annual temperature in 1896 
was 63. 7 degrees. 

It is pre-eminently a residence city, and is constantly 
drawing a desirable class of permanent residents because 
of its educational and social advantages and its special 
attractions for home-making. The city is 350 feet abovo 
the sea, and is beautifully laid out in streets 100 to 150 
feet wide, and shaded with double and triple rows of fine 
trees. There are no tenements. Every residence, no 
matter how humble, stands apart from its neighbors in 
its own garden. It is a city of gardens, and many of 
them are very beautiful. A number of Northern people 
have bought and built houses, and make their winter 
homes here. 

The city has a half dozen hotels, churches of all 

denominations, six banks, two club houses, a public 

park, two daily newspapers, an opera house, hospitals 

for white and colored patients, a fine fire department, 

over eleven miles of electric railwaj^, and all the 

accessories of modern city life. 

The health of the city is exceedingly good. Dur- 
ing the past year the death rate was only 15.93 per 
thousand — 11. 61 for whites and 
20.25 for colored people. The 
water, filtered by the Jewell 
system, is pronounced ' ' excep- 
tionally pure" by an expertfrom 
Johns Hopkins University. 

Columbia in iSSo had 10,000 
people, in 1S90, 15,500, and in 





1,897. 25, 300^3' enu- 
meration. Tlie '** 

growth has been ^ 

very rapid of late, aifti" " 

largely because of ^^ 

the erection of cot- 
ton mills. The valuation of property for taxation is 
$5,500,000, an increase of ten per cent, in the last year. 
This, however, represents only about sixty per cent, of 
the actual value. The rate of taxation is low, and the 
city government honest and economical, the largest item 
of taxation being for the support of the public schools. 

For manufacturing, 
for trade, for health, for 
climate, for pleasant res- 
idence, for education, fur 
society — for all good 
people, whether bent on 
work or rest, or money- 
making or money-spend- 
ing — Columbia has great 
attractions. It has room 
for development along 
all these lines, for it covers 
four square miles and 
has eighty miles of streets. 

Greenville, third city of the State in point of size, is 
the county seat of one of the richest of the Piedmont 
counties. The city has a beautiful situation on a rolling 
plain, near the foot of the Blue Ridge Mountains. From 
west to east, through the central part of the town, flows 
the Reedy River, its two falls of more than thirty feet 
each adding picturesqueness and suggesting utility as 
well. The elevation is 1,145 feet above the sea, the 
climate mild and equable, Paris Mountain, Soo feet above 
the town, sheltering it in winter from the northwest 
winds. The city, incorporated in 1831, was named in 
honor of Gen. Nathaniel Greene, the Revolutionary 
patriot. It has now a population of about 13,000. 

In addition to an excellent and complete graded 
school system, Greenville has several colleges and semi- 
naries. One of these is the Baptist State College, 
Furman University. It has nine buildings, situated on a 
hill and surrounded by stalwart native oaks. This 
was the first college in South Carolina to admit women 
on the same terms as men. Other institutions are the 
Presbyterian Female Seminary, Greenville College for 
women, Chicora Female College, and a business college. 

As a center for manufacturing, Greenville has the 



.^.. 



advantages of a situation in the heart of the manufactur- 
ing district of the South, excellent transportation facilities 
to the seaports and large markets, and water power 
already developed in the middle of the city. There are 
about half a dozen cotton mills in Greenville, employing 
hundreds of operatives. These companies have been 
organized and are largely capitalized by citizens 
of Greenville. 
-I It was at Piedmont, on the Saluda 

f River, directly south of Greenville, 

that the first cotton mill in the upper 
part of the State was erected. This 
was in 1S73, and the mill is still in 
successful operation, having been 
often enlarged to meet the demands 
of a growing trade. The example 
of its success was contagious, and 
there have clustered about it, m the 
quarter of a century since its erec- 
tion, mills by the score, till this sec- 
tion of South Carolina leads all the South in cotton 
manufactm-es. 

At Pelzer, on the Saluda, is one of the largest mills 
in the country, employing 3,000 operatives, and constitut- 
ing the center of a prosperous industrial community. 

The city of Spartanburg, located in the 
a& largest cotton manufacturing county of the 
South, has a population of over 10,000. 
Its altitude is 1,020 feet above sea level, 
affording cool breezes even 
in midsummer. There are 
twenty-two separate mills 
in Spartanburg County, 
operating 400,000 spindles, 
and employing 8,000 oper- 
atives. For cotton and 
wages nearly $10,000,000 
is paid out annually, and 
150 000 bales of cotton are 
consumed. 

Besides eight graded schools, Spartanburg has two 
institutions of higher learning. One of them, Converse 
College, for young women, has a high standard and good 
equipment. With a faculty of thirty, commodious build- 
ings, and a campus of fifty acres, it has in 1897-98 an 

over 500 students, 
one hundred per 
cent, over the 
preceding year. 
The other, Wof- 
ford Col- 
lege, is 



ATE BUILDING FOR DEAF, DUMB AND BLIND 
Kl ANBUKG, S. C. 



enrollment of 
a gain of 




88 




'fejt*; 



one of the oldest in the State, and is under 
the control of the Southern Methodist Church. 
It has about fifteen buildings and one hundred 
and fifty students. Agriculturally, as well 
as industrially, Spartanburg County is 
rich, having a fertile soil, adapted tn 
grains and fruit. 

Abbeville, a flourishing town in 
the " up-county," has a popula- 
tion of about 3.500. Its location 
on high and undulating 
ground gives it 
excellent drainage, 
and its climate is 
temperate winter * 
and summer. The ' 
town has adequate ; 
public schools, two 
colleges for colored 
students and some 
nine or ten churches. 
A large cotton mill has 
lately been erected, op- 
erating 10,000 spindles 
and manuf acturin.y 
brown homespuns. 
There is also a cot- 
ton-seed oil mill, 
and the usual in- 
dustries of a thriv- 
ing town find rep- 
resentation. A 
productive soil and 
many streams 
capable of supply- 
ing abundant water 
power make this 
section of the north- 
western part of the 
State an attractive '^ "''" "<""''' *'«'='•■' =■ <:• 

one for investors and others seeking business openings. 

The city of Anderson, north of Abbeville, in the 
county of the same name, one of the riche.st and most 
progressive in the State, has an energetic population of 
more than 6,000. It is in the heart of a m.)St 
lent agricultural 
country not far 
from the Blue 
Ridge M o u n - 
tains. Anderson 
has developed by 
natural, healthy 
growth. Nearly 
everyone owns 
his house, be it 
large or small. 
The various re- 
ligious denomi- 
nations are well 
represented and 
the schools arc 
excellent. The 
Patrick Mihtarv 



-% 



rfS^ai^'-*?--^ 



^-.J 





iV^J 







Institute is doing 
good work in the 
education of young 
men. Citizens of 
Anderson in iSgo 
demonstrated their 
confidence in their 
town, as well as 
their business sa- 
gacity, by the erec- 
tion of a large cot- 
ton mill, whose 
capital stock and 
cajj.icity have been increased from 
time to time until there are now 36,000 
spindles and a capital of §500,000. 
Steady employment is given 700 oper- 
.^tiv.:■':. Two cotton-seed oil mills are 
^ kept running night 
j and day during the 
I season. 

Greenwood, a 
short distance 
northeast of An- 
derson, is both a 
health resort and 
a manufacturing 
center. It has a 
salubrious climate and some notable 
health springs of chalybeate and lithia 
water. Greenwood contains two mills 
for the manufacture of cotton goods of 
fine quality, and has also an elaborately 
equipped oil mill. There are public and 
private schools, and the Brewer Normal In- 
stitute (colored). Outside the town is an 
extensive granite quarry. 

Aiken, southwest of Columbia, near the 
Georgia line, is a city of 4,000 people in the 
sand ridge section of the State. It has be- 
come noted as a health center, and is one of the leading 
resorts of the South ; many people whose first idea was 
of a merely temporary stay have become permanent 
residents and engaged in business enterprises. A large 

': ive bought property 
here and have built 
handsome resi- 
dences, while all 
the houses that can 
be rented furnished 
are taken by this 
class of people for 
the winter. There 
have been at least 
$75,000 worth of 
improvements 
in the line of 
buildings and 
residences 
•ing the past 
r alone. Within 
i.xc or six miles of 
Aiken, and within 



A SOl'TH CAROLIN'A TRUCK 



the boundaries of the county, are four cotton factories 
which are doing a successful business. The city itself 
has no factories of any kind ; it prides itself upon being 
a health and pleasure resort, and has made no effort in 
the direction of manufactures. It has recently been 
made famous by the magnificent Palmetto golf links, 
acknowledged to be the best south of New York, being 
J about three miles around, composed of eighteen 
holes, and laid out by two of the most cele- 
brated players of Boston and New York. The 
course in general is about 70 to 1 50 yards wide, 
free from trees, with excellent lines 
throughout. The woods for miles 
around are well stocked with 
both the gray and the red fox. 
The mean •'•nin'-r'it-\iri> <-.f Aik'-n 










imiifii^ii' 




GAFFN'F.V, S. C. 

is 52 degrees ; it is a strictl)' temperate climate during the 
winter season, being just cold enough for one to enjoy 
a walk, and still so warm in the sunshine that there are 
very few days when it is not pleasant to sit beneath its 
rays. Aiken has the dryest climate of which there is 
any record east of the Rocky Mountains. Its hotels are 
equipped with every convenience of modern comfort. 

Chester, a flourishing city of about 5,000 inhabitants, 
is in the "hill" country, across the State from Aiken in 
the northern part. In its push and enterprise may 
be traced the effects of the Scotch-Irish stock which 



predominated in the town's early settlers, modified by 
American characteristics. Of the two largest factories 
here, one is for cotton spinning, while the second manu- 
factures ginghams of a fine texture for Northern and 
foreign markets. There are also yarn mills, employing 
about 125 hands, and a large factory in which improved 
machinery and farm implements are made. Much atten- 
tion is given to education. Chester was the second city 
in the South to establish a public school system, and it is 
said to have the best equipped school building for white 
children in the State. This was completed in 1891 at a 
cost of §r4.ooo. The Brainerd Institute, comprising 
several large buildiugs, situated on a hill overlooking 
the country for miles around, is devoted to the instruc- 
tion of colored children and j-outh, and to the training of 
t'-aih-'-'-- f. '■ fii- ■•.^'..'•r.d public schools. The city has a 

fine situation 800 feet above 
sea level, with good sewer- 
age and artesian water. 
In The country round about is 
Wk fertile, cotton being the 
» chief crop, with corn and 
sj small grains following. 
The county is rich in min- 
1^ eral deposits, and the water 

power available is unsur- 
passed. 

Rock Hill, just north of 
Chester, is the largest town 
in York county, in the ex- 
treme northern portion of 
the State. Here is located 
Winthrop Female College. 
The present population is 
5 . 500 ; taxable value of prop- 
city, $1,255,460; its yearly 
business amounts to §3,500,000; it han- 
dles annually, on an average, iS,ooo bales 
of cotton ; it has in operation three cotton fac- 
tories (spinning and weaving), representing a 
capital of $435,000, and two more in proce.ss of 
erection which will employ a capital of $325,000, 
aggregating in cotton manufacturing a capital 
(if 8760,000; a buggy, carriage and wagon fac- 
tory, with capital of $75,000; a tobacco factory, 
,, ith capital of $40,000; a door, sash and blind 
factory; a canning factory; an electric light plant, 
ih arc and incandescent lights; a town site company; 
a street railway and water works company and machine 
shops. The weekly pay-roll of Rock Hill's manufac- 
tories amounts to more than $6,000. 

Gaffney, in the celebrated Piedmont belt, is near 
the Broad River, which has been called the Merrimac of 
the South. The looms of Lowell and of Manchester 
could easily be kept in lively motion the year round by 
utilizing half the waste of this beautiful stream. In 1S75 
there was no Gaff ney ; in 1893 it numbered 2,220 souls; in 
iSg7 its population had reached 5,000. The reasons for 
this growth are readily found in the town's advantageous 
situation, and in the pluck and enterprise of its citizens. 
From 6.000 to 8.000 bales of cotton are sold annually from 
wagons in the town, and the grades are superior. One of 
the most successful mills in the South was established 



90 




at this point in 1893, with capital stock of 
$100,000; this has since been increased to 
$700,000. The climate 
is well adapted for 
spinning fine numbers. 

In the matter ,01 
buildings, public and 
private, GalTney 
makes an excellent 
showing. It has sev- 
eral commodious school 
buildings, and a town hall 
which cost about 5$i5,ooo. The 
Cooper Limestone Institute, 
named in honor of the philanthropist, 
Peter Cooper of New York, who be- 
queathed it to the Spartanburg Baptist 
Association, offers unsectarian instruction to 
young women. Its beautiful grounds and the 
widely known Limestone Spring make it one of the 
features of the city. Another noteworthy institu- 
tion is the Gaffney Male and Female Seminary, 
which occupies a commanding site in the center 
the town. 

Union, with a population of about 5,000, is located on 
the main line of the Southern Railway, in one of the 
Piedmont counties. The surrounding country is rich in 
scenery and in natural advantages, having fine farming 
land and splendid water power. The community is 
greatly interested in the cotton industry, which has made 
much progress during the past }^ear or two. There are 
now several cotton mills, one of which has 55,000 spindles 
and 1,400 looms, while a knitting mill employs a large 
number of hands. Building and public improvements 
are going on, school and church facilities are abreast of 
the times, and altogether Union evidently possesses a 
lively present and an undoubted future. 

Newberry is in one of the middle counties, between 
the Piedmont and tlie sand hills. The land here is roll- 
ing, and the soil fertile. Cot- 
ton is the chief crop in 
this section, but corn 
and small grains are 
also produced. 




::OTTON MILLS AT UNION, S. C. 




Stock-raising has proved profitable. The city has a 
population of 5,000, and contains prosperous cotton and 
oil mills in addition to the ordinary industries. The 
city's water supply is from a fine artesian well and the 
city is lighted by electricity. An industry that is claim- 
ing much attention is the manufacture of brick, which 
greatly resembles the famous Milwaukee brick. In addi- 
tion to an excellent public school system, Newberry is 
the seat of the State Lutheran College. 

Seneca is in the northwestern corner of the State, 
and from the town magnificent mountain views are to be 
had. The nearby country is heavily timbered, much 
wood being cut for trade and shipped North. Fruit 
grows well, apples especially. Cotton, grain and tobacco 
are raised in considerable quantities in the country 
tributary, and there are in the town both a cotton tac- 
tory and a cotton-seed oil mill. 

Blacksburg, in York County, near the northern 
boundary of the State, has a population of 2,000. It 
contains several mills, including one cotton mill, main- 
tains iron and machine shops and a gold ore reduction 
works, the precious metal being 
found in quantities that make its 
mining the course of considera- 
ble profit. Some mineral springs, 
rich in medicinal properties, open 
up large resort possibilities for 
the town in connection with its 
fine location in the foothills of 
the Blue Ridge. 

The city of Charleston, which 
is South Carolina's chief seaport 
and commercial cit}', is reached 
by through trains of the Southern 
Railway over the South Carolina 
v Georgia Railroad, with which 
connection is made at Columbia. 
To tlie casual visitor Charleston 
I)resents a romantic and charm- 
ing aspect. It has an architecture 




"r«7rTj?-:j-,. 

I 



::S£**-'r- 



all its own, and retains many of the characteristics of its early Huguenot ["' 

days. Considered from an industrial and commercial standpoint Charles- ^ 

ton is one of the progressive cities of the South. Its trade and com- . 

merce during the year ended August 31, 1S97, amounted to $75,740,261, 

a gain over the previous year of 
SS, 475, 132. There was a gain of 
84,459,000 in cotton, $1,272,491 
in fertilizers, §2, 132,000 in whole- 
sale and retail trade. $1,424,555 
in fruit, and $431,184 in phos- 
phate rock. The city's financial 
condition is excellent, real estate 
has steadily advanced, and Vv-ith 
its new elevator and the com- 
pletion of the jetties, giving 2^}{ 
feet to the ocean, and the open- 
ing of the direct line of steamers 
to Europe, it is safe to reckon 
that the business of the coming 
year will reach the $100,000,000 
mark. The phosphate industry 
of South Carolina, which largely 
centers in Charleston, is one of 
the State's many prosperous in- 
dustries, and in its mining, ship- 
ping and handling there are 
millions of dollars invested. 

These brief sketches of the 
towns and cities of South Caro- 
lina serve at least to show the 
State's present dominating spirit 
— the controlling purpose, 
everywhere apparent, to develop 

manufactures. With clear appreciation of her marvelous advantages in 
cotton manufacturing. South Carolina is forging to the front in this im- 
portant industry with a swiftness that can find no precedent. South 

Carolina is pushing her conquests, and the dawning century may see her sign-manual changed from the palmetto 

to the spindle. 






J 



CHARLESTON, 



IIARLESTOX, 




COTTON- MILL AT EDGEFIELD, S, C. 



92 



-^m&i,.^. 




jfss; 





THE site of Chicago was bought from the Indians for less than the 
price of a high-grade bicycle. It does not appear from the records 
that the whole State of Georgia, the Empire State of the South, cost 
so much. " How did you get your land ? " asked a newcomer of a scion of 
one of the old families of Kentucky. "From my father," was the reply. 
" How did he get it ?" " From his father." " And how did he get it ?" 
"From his father." " And how did he get it ?" "Fought for it." "Pull 
off your coat ! " 

Oglethorpe was more fortunate. He did not have either to fight for 
it or to buy it. The shrewd commercial spirit was then lacking in the 
native American. But plenty of fighting and buying came afterward, and 
Georgia saw her share of both. Oglethorpe made his first treaty with 
the Indians at Savannah in 1733. It was a rather queer paper, viewed 
in the light of latter day transactions, and the reading of it will make smart 
business men wonder at the simplicity of human nature of a little more 
than a century and a half ago. About all that the trustees of the colony 
of Georgia promised the Indians in the treaty was that they would make 
restitution for any damage which might be done by the people of the 
trustees. On the other hand, the Indians agreed that the trustees' people 
should make use of and possess all of the lands which they had no occasion 
to use; and finally, to "keep the talk in their heads as long as the sun 
shall shine or waters run into the rivers." 

Under Oglethorpe's charter from the king and treaty with the Indians, 
Georgia extended from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River. Since 
that time two other States have been carved out of the territory, notwith- 
standing which Georgia remains one of the largest States in the Union, ten 
thousand square miles greater than New York, fifteen thousand square 
miles greater than Pennsylvania, and only a few thousand miles less than 
the total area of the whole of New England. Georgia is eight thousand 
square miles larger than England, and has nearly half the area of the 
British Isles. The State contains a little more than 59,000 square miles, 
and about 38,000,000 acres. It lies between the 30th and 35th parallels 
of north latitude, and between the Sist and S6th parallels of west longitude. 

The first settlement was under Oglethorpe in 1733, and the first indus- 
trjr — which has long since disappeared — was the production of silk; which 
accounts for the colonial seal — a silk worm's cocoon with the motto: " Non 
sibi, sed aliis," " Not for ourselves, but for others." The State was one of 
the thirteen original States — the youngest of the immortal sisterhood. In 
17S5, when the first count of inhabitants was made, Georgia had a popula- 
tion of So,ooo inhabitants, distributed in ten counties. The last census 
gave her i, 800,000 population, in 137 counties. At present there are not 
less than 2,200,000 residents in the State. 

Georgia has always taken a leading part in the affairs of the nation, 
whether they were of a military, political, literary or other nature. She 
has sent some of the finest soldiers in the world into the field. History 
records their achievements with full credit. Her statesmen have held 
their own in the national councils. Their fame is assured. Her singers 



93 





THE STATE CAPITOL AND OTHER 

NOIABLE BUILDINGS OF 

ATLANTA, GA. 



and writers have won 
high place in their re- 
spective spheres. 

Topographically the 
State embraces every ™..— — —,-«:.■ 

feature of landscape, 
from salt marsh and glis- 
tening sand dunes to rugged mountain peaks. Between 
these extremes are to be found varieties of climate and 
soil to suit any reasonable requirements, and riches of 
vegetation and minerals beyond estimate. It is a fact 
that if Georgia were fenced off from the rest of the world 
by an impassable barrier, she could produce everything 
needed by her people. In the days of the '6o's Georgia 
was known as the "granary of the Confederacy," and 
the Southern armies were very largely supplied from 
the bounty of her broad acres. It may be said that she 
could not produce coffee. That is supposed to be true, 
but coffee is not a necessity when tea is to be had, and 
tea is growing wild near Savannah. 

And not only could the people feed and clothe them- 
selves without outside assistance, but they could take 
their recreation at some of the most delightful and 
romantic resorts in the world: Jekyl, Cumberland, St. 
Simon, Tallulah, Bon Air, Warm Springs, Indian Springs 
and Lithia Springs. Indeed, seaboard and mountains 
abound in delightful spots for recreation, and many of 
the latter present scenery as grand as may be found east 
of the Rockv Mountains. 



The State Geologist divides Georgia into four 
geological belts, each of which has a hard name that 
means but little to the average lay seeker after informa- 
tion, Sulfice it to say that, beginning at the higher 
altitudes, the several belts run southwesterly across the 
State, and by steps take the inquirer from crystalline 
rocks in the bold mountains to rich black alluvium on 
the coast. The first belt embraces the fruitful Piedmont 
plains, the great quarries and the mines. It is here that 
the golden grain nods in grateful recognition of the 
caresses of the breezes, and here that the hardy moun- 
taineer by occult process converts the afore- 
said golden grain into "moonshine" 
and "honey dew." 

The mineral wealth of the section 
is almost be5'ond estimate. The 
hills are ribbed with the finest 
building marbles and granite, 
and girded with iron ores in 
quantities seemingly exhaust- 
less. There are railroads in the 
State which have their roadbeds 
based upon marble of a quality 
which a prince might employ in the 
embellishment of his palace. Georgia 
marble comes in all colors and tints, from 
pure white to dark green. This latter, which 
is being quaiTied to a considerable extent, 
commands probably the highest price of any 
native marble. As regards granites, Georgia 
contains enough of them to replace that 
paving of "good intentions" 
which Dr. Samuel Johnson 
refers to in one of his most 
frequently quoted epigrams. 
Georgia granites and marbles 
are seen in many of America's 
great public buildings, fre- 
quently in States which them- 
selves produce materials similar 
but not so good. 
A list of Georgia's minerals would take in pretty 
near the whole catalogue, it would seem, from the reports 
of the State Geologist. The variety includes about every- 
thing that one could think of, and a hundred things 
which one could not think of without expert assistance. 
Gold is found in paying quantities in a dozen counties, 
in nuggets, in quartz and in dust. The Government at 
one time established a mint at Dahlonega, where 
$10,000,000 in gold was coined. There has been no 
coinage at that place since the War, however, improved 
transportation facilities having made it cheaper to send 
the Georgia gold to one of the great central mints. 
Silver, copper, iron, corundum, magnetite, asbestos, 
mica, talc, .soapstone, bauxite, lead and graphite are 
among the mineral deposits of the State. Kaolin, which 
is shipped in large quantities to the potteries of the North 
and East, is another valuable product of Georgia, and 
the State's fire-clays are the most refractory in the United 
States. In several counties there are phosphate deposits, 
which are made into fertilizers by Georgia mills, or 
shipped crude coastwise or across the ocean. Some of 
the finest cheap road-building materials in the world are 



94 



found in unlimited quantities in this State, and in several 
localities there are immense deposits of chert, which 
contains a considerable percentage of iron in nodules, 
and which also makes a fine, hard and durable pavement. 
Both of these materials are infinitely superior to shell, 
and are more lasting than asphaltum. 

The forests of Georgia, notwithstanding the great 
inroads upon them which have been made by lumbermen, 
turpentine operators, settlers and others, are still among 
the finest on the continent. It has been estimated that 
the standing timber is worth more than all of the other 
property in the State, of all classes whatsoever.' The 
average forest land is sold for $3.50 per acre, while an 
authority says the timber has an average value of $35 
per acre, and that there is a profit of $12 in putting it 
upon the market. The pine is the most important of 
Georgia trees, yielding turpentine, rosin and tar, as well 
as building material, creosote, lampblack, charcoal and 
apyroligneous acid which is used as a disinfectant. The 
needles of the pine are used in the place of excelsior for 
packing sofas, chairs and furniture of various sorts. 
They contain a fibre which is to some small extent being 
employed in the manufacture of mats and coarse carpel 
ing. The value of the pines in the southern portion o; 
the State will run into the billions of dollars. Georgi: 
pine is famous as a building material, and especially so 
for ship spars, since the poles sometimes spring straight 
from the earth for 100 feet, without limb, knot or blemish. 
Nothing is more ornate for inside work than curly pine 
with oil finish, while the resin and creosote in the wood 
make it almost everlasting for outside work. The pine, 
however, is only one of a thousand and one varieties. 
The cypress and the juniper abound, and both are in 
high favor for shingle-making. The latter is the wood 
which never rots. Years ago the United States Govern- 
ment set aside a reservation on the coast for the produc- 
tion of oak "knees" for naval vessels. Iron ships having 
supplanted the wooden craft, however, not much oak is 
now cut by the Government. Oak, walnut, hickory, 
cherry and maple are to be found in all sections. 

Speaking of trees naturally brings up horticulture. 
In this line Georgia has made most prodigious strides 
during the past few years. It is an ideal fruit State. 
Fruits of all kinds thrive everywhere, from the mountains 
to the seaboard. The queen of them all is the peach. 
Everybody knows of the excellence of the Georgia peach ; 
its beautiful cheek, its seductive scent and its nectar-like 
flavor. Its praises are sung by poets, and by producers 
whose pockets jingle with the tribute of an appreciative 
and grateful populace. It is now about ten years since 
the Georgia growers began to ship peaches in any quan- 
tity to Northern markets. Year after year the crop has 
been growing larger and larger until to-day Georgia is 
the greatest peach-growing State of the Union. Dela- 
ware, JIaryland and California follow in the order named. 
In 1896 the Georgia peach crop amounted in round figures 
to 6,500,000 baskets, which is only one-third less than the 
product of all the Northern States together. The peach 
belt begins about forty miles below Atlanta, at Griffin, 
and extends south 150 miles along the Southern Railway 
to Fort Valley and Columbus, ranging in width from ten 
to thirty miles. It is estimated that there are about 
2. 500. 000 peach trees in bearing in this belt, and between 





95 



SOME OF ATLANTA S STREETS 




A BIKD'S-ICVE VIEW OF AILAMA, GA, 



100,000 and 200,000 more trees planted and growing. Still 
there is no likelihood of the market being glutted. There 
is always a demand for fruit of the best quality. It is 
not at all uncommon for a Georgia farmer to sell his 
peach crop, on the trees, for more than S500 per acre. 
Grapes reach their perfection in Georgia, and will thrive 
in every section of the State. The annual crop nc ,v 
amounts to hundreds of thousands of 
baskets. All known varieties do well, 
and the crop is practically a sure one. 
Wine-making and raisin-curing are indus- 
tries in which the State is destined to 
take rank with Califor- 
nia. At present no 
grapes are cured, 
and but little 
wine is made. 
The producers 
find it more 
profitable to 
sell the grapes 
as they come 
from the vine. 

The Georgia watermelon 
merits a paragraph to itself. 
Its fame extends wherever the 
fast freight runs or American 
newspapers are circulated. It is 
a sedative to angry passions and a 
moUifier of strife. It cheers the 
weary, soothes the troubled and 
vivifies the drooping. It is the 
soul's delight of the happy darky, 
and one of the choice tid-bits of the 




millionaire. It washes out political differences, and 
re-unites in saccharine consistency friendships once 
estranged. So much for the poetical consideration 
of the melon ; commercially speaking, it is one of the 
State's best money-makers. There is a good profit in 
raising melons for market, and a profit to the trans- 
portation companies in hauling them. Ten years ago 
' |B_^ _, the crop amounted to virtually nothing at all ; 
now melons by the million are 
harvested and sold every year, 
and shipped to Northern mar- 
I HH||^ I I f^^K 'k&'va by the train load. Fast 
freights take them from the 
fields and deliver 
them at the centers 
of population fresh, 
crisp and sweet. 
Asa con- 
sequence, 
they usual- 
ly bring a 
good price, 
an d many 
thousands. of 
dollars are put into the 
pockets of the growers. 
The melon belt of the 
State extends from the cen- 
tral portion in a southeasterly 
direction to the sea, though 
every county in Georgia will 
produce the fruit in perfection. 
Almost any species of vegeta- 
tion common to the temperate 



I 




..i^^J 



SOME OF THE PUBLIC EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 
OK ATLANTA, GA. 




A HIKDS-EVE VIEW OF ATLANTA 



zone can be raised in Georgia. The State produces 
olives and celery, oranges and wheat, apples and 
chestnuts. Anything that can be grown from Florida 
to Washington State can be grown in Georgia, and 
seven times in ten better than in the majority of other 
places. Georgia farms are now chiefly devoted to 
cotton, corn, peas and potatoes, but these products do 
not begin to trench upon the limit of their possibilities. 
Any variety of soil desired may be found between 
the blue mountains and the blue sea. The climate is 
equable, the temperature mild and the rainfall never 
failing. And the average value of new land is 
about $5 per acre ! 

As a cotton manufacturing State Gcor- 
gfia has made seven-league strides during 
the past few years. As befoie stated, 
she has been a textile manufacturer 
for more than fifty years, but it is 
only since iSSo that she 
has forged to the front 
as a real competitor 
with New England 
States in cotton goods. 
In the year named 
there were in the State 
only 500,000 spindles; 
now there are more 
than 3,000,000, and the 
investment in cotton 
mills approximates 
$70,000,000. The great- 
er numljcr of the mills 
are operated with 
water power, .still only 





a small proportion of such power available has been 
utilized. There are in the State a hundred falls and 
rapids with enormous horse-power which they offer to 
enterprising capital for development. The available 
water power in Georgia would turn the mill wheels of 
the United States, and leave a surplus to be disposed of 
in Canada or Mexico. The success of the experiments 
in transmitting power made at Niagara opens up wonder- 
ful possibilities for Georgia. 

Cotton, however, is but one item in the 
State's list of 
manufactures. 
There are 
$3,500,000 or 
more invested 
in iron works and 
machine shops; about 
twice as much in phos- 
phates; $1,500,000 in car- 
riages and wagons, and as 
much more in brick and 
tiles; $6,000,000 in lumber, 
a million less in fertilizers 
and chemicals, and about 
the same amount in tar and tur- 
pentine. Seven years ago there were 
eighty-one lines of manufacturing in the 
State which the government considered 
^^ of sufficient importance to enumerate 
J^l separately, besides a number of small 
4BH manufactories with an annual production 
V' worth $2, ooo.ocx) which were "bunched." 

■=^»4 M The total of manufactured products was 
"" then estimated at $57,ooo,o<ki — a mark 



entirely too low. The annual value is now not less than 
$80,000,000, and is probably more. 

Much of the prosperity of the State — and that the 
State is prosperous is evidenced by the fact that the 
farmers are pretty nearly out of debt, according to the 
census and the county records — is due to the railroads, 
which have as a general thing been liberally managed, 
and have taken an interest in building up the sections 
tributary to them. Many of the flourishing industries 
which have grown up of late years have been encouraged 
•if not directly aided by the railroads. The railroad 
mileage of the State 
aggregates in round 
numbers 5,250 
miles, divided 
largely into 
great systems 
which operate 
in the State, 
and which 

bring every ' 

community in- 
to touch with the centers of 
trade, both within the State 
and bevond its confines. The 
railroads are under the gen- 
eral supervision of a State 
railroad commission. 

Education in Georgia is 
placed within the reach of 
all. The State spends ap- 
proximately §1,000, 000 a year 
on the free schools. Pri- 
mary education is withnut 
cost except for text-books. 
The same is true of a luun- 
ber of scholarships 
in the institu- 
tions of higher 
education. In 
the universi- 
ties and col- 
leges the fees 
for paid schol- 
arships are 
very low, and 
in the commu- 
nity of each 
institution 
board and 
lodging can be 

had by pupils for prices that appear surprisingly mod- 
erate. At the Normal School in Athens students can 
go through the term at the low cost of seven dollars 
a month. At the university, however, the rate is some- 
what higher. Free schools for both white and colored 
children are maintained, though there is no admixture of 
the races. There are also colleges for the negro youth, 
supported wholly or in part by the State. Among the 
institutions of higlier education are the University of 
Georgia, Lucy Cobb Institute, and State Normal School, 
at Athens; the Georgia School of Technology, Washing- 
ton Seminary, Prather's Home School, Georgia Military 



:^.-#S^W-' 




Institute, Spelman Seminary, Morris Brown College, the 
Baptist College, Gammon Theological Seminary, and 
Atlanta University, at Atlanta; Mercer University, St. 
Stanislaus College, Mt. De Sales Academy, and Wes- 
leyan Female College, at Macon ; the Georgia Normal 
and Industrial College, and Middle Georgia Agricultural 
College, at Milledgeville; Shorter College, Hearn Insti- 
tute, and Everett Springs Seminary, at Rome; Southern 
Female College, at Manchester; Emory College, at 
Oxford; Andrew Female College, and Bethel Male Col- 



lege, 



^m 




Cuthbert ; Young L. G. 
Harris College, at 
Young Harris; South- 
ern Female College, at 
La Grange ; Georgia 
Female Col- 
lege, at Gaines- 
«ville; Agnes 
Scott College, 
at Decatur; 
Levert College, 
at Talbotton; 
Clark University, at South 
Atlanta; and State Industrial 
College, at College. There are 
also several law and medical 
colleges for white students. 
Special schools are provided 
for the education of the blind 
and deaf. Georgia as a State 
has taken the highest and 
most advanced position in 
educational matters, not only 
in the liberality and compre- 
hensiveness of her appropria- 
tions, but also by the adoption 
of modern meth- 
ods of primary, 
intermediate 
and college in- 
struction. Her 
public schools 
are recognized 
as models, and 
in her normal 
schools she is 
preparing 
teachers who 
shall be thor- 
oughly com- 
petent to carry 
on the intelligent standard she has already established. 
There is great liberality of opinion in Georgia. So 
long as an individual behaves himself and obeys the 
laws, meriting the good opinion and respect of his 
neighbors, he is at liberty to think as be pleases, without 
losing anything of the good will and respect of the 
community. Representatives of almost every Christian 
denomination are to be found in the State, as well as of 
the Jewish, the Confucian and Mohammedan religions. 

The main line of the Southern Railway from Wash- 
ington enters Georgia near Toccoa, passing, between 
that town and Atlanta, Mount Airy, Cornelia, Lula, 



IL \NT ^'s rrsinFNCES 



98 




Gainesville, Flowery Branch, Buford, Suwanee, Norcross and Chamblec. This main stem turns 
due vest from Atlanta toward Alabama, passing through the towns of Chattahoochee, Mableton, 
Austell, Lithia Springs, Douglasville, Villa Rica, Bremen, Waco and Tallapoosa. 

The Chattanooga, Atlanta and Brunswick division of the Southern enters Georgia from Ten- 
nessee at Cohutta, passing through, between that poiut and 
Atlanta, the cities of Dalton and Rome, and the towns 
of Sugar Valley, Plainville, Silver Creek, Braswcll, 
Dallas, Powder Springs and Austell. Beyond 
Atlanta, and between that city and Brunswick, 
the road passes through McDonough, Jackson, a 
cotton center, Flovilla, the station of the Indian 
Springs, Macon, Adams Park, Cochran, Eastman. 
Mi.ssler, Helena, McRae, Lumber City, Hazel- 
hurst, Baxley, Surrency, Jesup and Everett. 

These two main lines of the South form an X, 
with Atlanta as the crossing point. One of them 
is the main artery of travel between the South- 
west and New York, and the other between the 
Southeast and Louisville and Cincinnati. In ad- 
dition to these main lines there are numei'ous 
important branches, one from Toc^oa, on the 
main line, to Elberton by way of Bowersville, 
another from Suwanee on main line to Law- 
renceville. From Atlanta a branch runs to Fort 
Valley by way of Williamson, where it crosses 
the Columbus division which runs from Atlanta 
via McDonough to Columbus. Upon the former 
branch are the towns of Selina, Fayctteville, 
Yatesville, CuUoden and Roberta, and on the 
latter. Griffin, Concord, Woodbury, Warm Springs, 
Waverly Hall and Oak Mountain. From Rome, on 
the Chattanooga-Atlanta division, two branch 
leave, one passing through Coosa and inte 
secting the Chattanooga-Birmingham line 
Attalla, Ala., and the other meeting the Atlant; 
Birmingham line at Anuiston. Another divisi 
of the Southern which leaves the Washingto; 
Atlanta line at Charlotte, N. C, enters the 
State at Augusta by way of Columbia, S. C. 

It will thus be seen that the Southern 
Railway is furnishing Georgia with a most 
convenient and complete transportation sys- 
tem, with trunk line connections to all the 
main centers north, east, south and west. 

In the Greek mythology there was a 
great huntress who was skilled with the bow 
and as strong as her male companions. 
She was noted as a wrestler, and in a con- 
test with Pclius threw him. She was chaste 
and despised love, long remaining devoted 
and true to Artemis, the beautiful virgin twin- 
sister of Apollo. 

This huntress was Atalanta. 

There was another Atalanta, told of in BcEotian 
legends, who was the fleetest of mortals. She was 
only to be won by him who could outstrip her in 
the race, the consequence of failure being death. 
She carried a spear, her wooer running unarmed. 
Hippomones, before starting, obtained from Aph- 
rodite three golden apples, which, at intervals in 
the race, he dropped, and Atalanta, stopping to 
pick them up, fell behind, and Hippomones, win- 
ning the race, won also a bride. 




99 



EVIDF.NCKS OF ATT.ANTA'S PROSPERITY 




THE KIMBALL HOUSE, ATLWTA. GA. 

These two mythological figures, whose stories in 
after ages were blended into one, are typified in many 
ways by their modern namesake, Atlanta, a city nur- 
tured among hunters and frontiersmen, developing 
strength of character as well as of body from her en- 
vironments. She, too, is swift; and although, in the 
race for commercial supremacy, she neglects no oppor- 
tunity to pluck a golden pippin if within her reach, she 
never slackens her pace, having learned to go her god- 
mother one better. She has many a contest of strength 
with friendly rivals and she never is vanquished. 

The imperial city of the ancient world was changed 
from brick to marble in the reign of one emperor, twenty 
centuries ago. The imperial city of the South to-day 
has sprung from the forest primeval, from the very heart 
of "the murmuring pines," within the recollection of 
men still living. Mr. Wash. Collier, uncle of Atlanta's 
present mayor, hunted deer and bear with Chief Nick-a- 
Jack and his braves over the very hills now crowned by 
the splendid city. Many of her older people well remem- 
ber when Atlanta first began to be, for it was little more 
tlian fifty years ago. In half a century a city of brick 
and stone and steel, with 117,000 population, has grown 
up, and it continues to spread and to wax in wealth and 
greatness. In truth, it would be more nearly exact to 
say that the Atlanta of to-day is only thirty years old, 
because when the War closed the old Atlanta was in 
ashes, her streets were filled with debris, an^' <■•* '^--r 



former citizens many a brave man had been laid in a 
soldier's grave, while the women and children were 
scattered over the face of the earth. With peace, the 
survivors returned to build new homes. Behind these 
came people from neighboring States and from the 
North and West, and they have been coming ever since, 
attracted by the city's equable and healthy climate, her 
favorable location as a trade center, her splendid railroad 
facilities, the push and enthusiasm of her ciiizens, their 
unbounded faith in the future of the city, and especially 
by the cordial welcome extended to all. 

Atlanta has a - 
wonderful climate. 
In winter there is 

just sufficient 

frost and crisp- 

ness in the air to 

give the blood a 
healthy stimulus, 
and to '-nip i' the 
bud" any sub-trop- 
ical germ blown 
thither. The sum- 
mers are equally 




SS^ 



free from the 
^hort, intense 
ii o t waves 
which smite 
the Northern 
and Western 
-ities and the 
ong stretches 
of dead heat 



r" 




which envelop some of her sister cities from early June 

until late September. 

If one but glances at a map of the Southeastern States, 

- ^ he sees that Atlanta lies at the foot of the Alle- 
I ghany range of mountains. The line of communi- 
cation between the country on the east of that 
range and the vast country on the west has always 
been around the foot of the range rather than 
through the narrow, difficult and infrequent moun- 
tain passes. 

John Calhoun, after traveling the old trail to 
the West, declared with the voice of prophecy 
that a great city would some day rise near the 
ford where the trail crossed the Chattahoochee 
River. A few years later, when the people of 
Georgia began to build railroads — and they were 
among the first in the United States to project 
these enterprises — the first two lines were laid out 



THE ARAGON HOTEL, ATLANTA, 



to meet at a point in the forest seven miles west of the 
confluence of Peachtree Creek and the Chattahoochee 
River. The third raih-oad, built by the State of Georgia 
itself, started from the point where the other two were to 
end. This junction suggested the name Terminus which 
was first applied to the settlement. This name, however, 
was soon after changed to Marthasville, in honor of the 
daughter of Governor Wilson Lumpkin, a lady who, by 
the way, is still living. A few years later, in 1S47, the 
name Marthasville was changed to Atlanta, and Atlanta 
it will remain. 

The city is 1,050 feet above the sea, a greater eleva- 
tion than any city approaching it in size east of the 
Rocky Mountains can boast. This elevation, with the 
pure atmosphere and the pure water supply, give Atlanta 
pre-eminence as a healthful place. 

Atlanta's trade extends to the Gulf of Mexico on the 
south and beyond the Potomac and the Ohio on the 
north, and from the Atlantic coast on the east to the 
Mississippi River and bej'ond on the west. This com- 
manding trade position has been the inspiration of many 
a business enterprise. As a manufacturing center, 
Atlanta has almost limitless possibilities. Lying just 
bevond the edge of Alabama's rich coal and iron fields, 
and with nearly a dozen different varieties of iron ore in 





TUT- GREAT LUMBER WHARVES, ERL-NSWICK, GA. 

the mountains of Georgia hardly fifty miles to the north, 
her possibilities as an iron manufacturing center can 
scarcely be measured. She has large establishments 
making wooden ware, agricultural implements and cotton 
products which are marketed from one end of the laud 
to the other. To cite but one instance, Mexico buys 
annually thousands of Atlanta-made plows. 

Atlanta is the second largest mule market in the 
L^nited States, farmers and traders coming here from all 
parts of the South. 

Atlanta is the third largest insurance center in the 
United States, New York and Chicago alone surpassing 
her in this respect. 

Two expositions of national importance have been 
held in Atlanta, and one was international in its scope. 

Eleven lines of railroad converge in Atlanta, placing 



THE COUR 



the city in close touch with all the country Ij'ing around 
for a great distance in every direction. 

By reason of cheap material, building costs less 
in Atlanta than almost anywhere else, and imposing 
structures eight to eleven and twelve stories high attest 
the money which seeks investment in this field. 

The State Capitol is here, and all about is historic 
ground. Just one generation ago hostile armies were 
battling for possession of this strategic point; but the 
roar of the cannon has been succeeded by the hum of 
spindles, the rattle of musketry by the rattle of drays, and 
the smoke from the guns by smoke from four hundred 
manufacturing plants. 

The evolution of Atlanta has been one of the won- 
ders of the country. Its growth strikingly illustrates 
the intelligence and enterprise of its citizens; its success, 
the wealth of the contiguous territory, and the sterling 
qualities of its builders. Barely thirty years after it 
began its modern career, and to properly celebrate its 
almost magical rejuvenation, Atlanta and the State pro- 
duced an exposition of international 
scope — a dream of beauty, and a 
revelation of Southern progress. 

The population of Atlanta 
in 1897 was 117,864; the assessed 
valuation in 1S90, real estate, 
$39,729,894; personal property, 
$11,906,605 ; and the assessed valu- 
ation in 1897. real estate, $43,476,868, 
and per-sonal property, $11,092,444. 

There are 23 school buildings and 
25 schools, with a gross enrollment ill 
1897 of about 15,000. The city's 
educational appropriation for 
1897 was $142,095. The principal 
schools in the city besides public 
schools are the Georgia School of 
Technology, Washington Semi- 
nary, Prather's Home School, 
Hunter's School for boys, Georgia 





DOUND FOR Ct'.MBERI.AND ISLAND 




THE OtiLtTHUHPH HOTEL, BRUNSWICK, (.A. 

Military Institute and the following colored schools: 
Gammon Theological Seminary, Morris Brown College, 
Atlanta University, Clark University, Atlanta Baptist 
Seminary and Spelman Seminary. There is in addition 
the Southern Female College and Agnes Scott Institute 
(both white female schools), at College Park and Decatur 
respectively, two of the city's suburbs. 

The eight banks in the city, members of the Atlanta 
Clearing House Association, have a combined capital and 
surplus of 82,770,000. There are a number of other repu- 
table and prosperous banking and loan companies in 
the city, not members of the Clearing House, with 
capital that will easily aggregate upward of $1,000,000. 

While Atlanta has been growing, other centers of 
population have been following suit, though not at so 
rapid pace. Since the War Savannah, the second city m 
size, has doubled her population, having now appro.xi- 
mately 70,000 inhabitants. Savannah is the first naval 
stores port and market in the world, the third cotton port 
in the United States, with a fair prospect of becoming 
second, and is also an enormous shipper of lumber 
and phosphate rock. 

Georgia s second deep-water port is Bruns- 



wick, a sea terminus of the Southern Railwa}-, and a 
city having a wonderful amount of pluck and man}' supe- 
rior advantages. As a port Brunswick has a great future, 
and enjoys a substantial present. Only recently she sent 
■ to sea, in the largest schooner flying the American flag, 
the largest cargo of cro.ss-ties ever shipped in one bottom. 
The city is a railway terminus of great importance, and 
handles, both coastwise and foreign, large quantities of 
cotton, naval stores, lumber and phosphate rock. 

The lumber trade 
at Brunswick .shows 
remarkable activity. 
The total volume of 
business, coastwise 
and foreign, in lum- 
ber for the district of 
Brunswick for the 
month ending June 
30, 1S97, is as follows: 
Lumber exported, 21,- 
314,052 feet; timber, 
912,980 feet; cross- 
ties, 138,918; shingles 
1,047,000. The Board 
of Trade gives .ship- 
ments from Brunswick 
alone for the year end- 
ing June 30, iSg7, as 
follows: Lumber, iii,- 
466,000 feet; timber, 
4,556,000 feet; cross-ties, 1,352,267; shingles, 8,986,650. 
The New York Times, in a recent issue, quoted the 
comments of a prominent New York merchant regard- 
ing Brunswick, as follows: 

■'I took the trip over to Brunswick several times, 
and I was very much surprised at the evidences 




THE HANOVER PARK, BRUNSWICK, GA. 




THE .SMOKE IJRIVE, liHl. NSWICK, GA. 




r .WiUbKMI^ 



of progress that were presented to me. Its citizens and 
merchants are full of activity and confident of a bright 
future. Business has never in the history of the place 
been so profitable as it is now, and great improvements 
are going on. 

" Brunswick's progress comes largeh- from its splen- 
did location as a port from which domestic manufactures 
of the Southern regions may be shipped abroad. It is 
engaged in the West Indian trade and with South 
American countries, and is constantly handling increases 
in such exports. It is also becoming important as a port 
with direct European connection. These facts have not 
escaped the attention of the railroads there, and at the 
present time there is being built wharf accommodation 
extending over 2 700 feet of new dock property. No 
one could a few years ago have even considered such 
progress possible. 

" Considerable export business with Europe has also 
been going on at this point. Cotton seed, phosphate and 
lumber are among the articles so disposed of. It is 
rapidly bcct'tiiin'j tlie port for erain shiDments from 




western parts which have been using Gulf points as an 
outlet. The exports and imports of Brunswick in 1897 
amounted to $26,000,000, a wonderful increase from 
$15,665,000, the amount for i8g6. 

"There is a demand for property in locations which 
a few years ago were regarded as unsalable. The 
water fronts are loaded witli merchandise. I was told 
that there is not an untenanted house in the whole place. 
Facilities for the distribution of goods are about as good 
at Brunswick as at Savannali, and when new terminal 
facilities are completed there will be more than double 
the warehouse accommodation they have had. The 
Southern Railway is spending hun- 
dreds of thousands of dollars in 
improving the trading facilities 
there. This shows the confi- 
dence in its future, ,-'' 
for they would not * 
go to such expense 
unless the prospect 
of making much 




ON JEKYL ISLAND 
BRUNSWICK, CA. 




THE CLUB HOUSE AND GROUNDS, JEKYI, ISLAND, GA. 

more justified it. Dock building, wharf building and 
dredging are going on apace. All river port traffic goes 
through Brunswick. There is a solid foundation for 
good business there. 

" The progress of Brunswick is illustra- 
tive of that of the whole South. Improve- 
ment in other cities may not as yet be as 
marked, but for the whole Southern section 
of the country I believe that there are 
prospects no less bright than those of the 
city of Brunswick." 




On the coast near 
Brunswick are many de- 
lijjhtful resorts. Jekyl 
Island is a haven of rest 
and health. On it is one 
of the finest clubhouses in 
the South. It was built 
by a number of Northern capitalists, is 
of Georgia pine and faces the sea. In the 
winter the island is the home of many 
Northern families, who find the balm 
of the mild climate a refreshing change 
from the rigor of Northern weather. 
Another island resort is old St. Simons, 
famed as the scene of a bloody Spanish 
massacre, and as the place where the 
saintly John Wesley preached his first 
sermon in America. It was on St. Simons, 
too, at a later time, where Aaron Burr 
was concealed in one of the stormy pe- 
riods of his life after the Hamilton duel. 
In the happy life of the present there is 
little to suggest this stormy past, and St. 
Simons now rests in serenest peace. 

Still another beautiful island near 
Cumberland, with its splendid beach, th 
less in America. It stretches for eighte 




Brunswick is 
e finest doubt- 
en miles, hard 




almost as marble and glistening white. On Cumberland 
Island is the fine estate of "Dungness, " on which Light 
Horse Harry Lee, the ancestor of General R. E. Lee, and 
General Nathaniel Greene, Washmgton's most trusted 
lieutenant, settled after the Revolutionary War. It is 
now owned by Mrs. Carnegie, and she has erected on it 
a great country house, a romantic pile of granite and 
adobe. On the beach near the Government lighthouse 
a fine hotel has been built. 

The history of these islands runs back far into 
America's infant years, for they made a convenient 
stopping point for the adventurous explorers who for 
pillage or settlement cruised up and down the coast from 
Virginia to Florida. The first authentic mention of these 
islands occurs in a report made to Queen Elizabeth in 
1589 by Sir Francis Drake, who had been on a Spaniard- 
chasing expedition further down the coast, where he had 
heartlessly and murderously sacked Cartagena, St. Jago 
and St. Augustine. As a specimen of the high perfec- 
tion to which the art of genteel cutthroatism had attained 
in those knightly days, the report is worthy of quotation. 
Says Drake: " On the 17th we took an observation, and 
found ourselves in latitude 30° 30' N. , near a large island, 
which we felt sure was the land where we had informa- 
tion of a Spanish settlement of magnitude. Seeing some 
log houses we decided to make a landing. We un- 
furled the standard of St. George, and approached the 
shore in great force, that we might impress the enemj' 
with the puissance of your Majesty. The accursed 
Spaniards, concealed behind tlu trees, fired upon us. 
One of our men was sorely wounded by the Spanish cap- 
tain, whom we presently made prisoner, and having set 
up a gallows, we there hanged him in a chain by the 
middle, and afterward consumed with fire gallows and 
all. To us was the great God most merciful and gra- 
cious, in that he permitted us to kill eighteen Spaniards, 
bitter enemies of your sweet Majesty. We further 
wasted the country and brought it to utter ruin. We 
burned their houses and killed their few horses, mules 



FOKT FRFORICA. ST. SIMONS ISLAND, GA. 



lo-t 



and cattle, eating what we could of the fresh beef and 

carrying the rest aboard our ships. Having in mind the 

merciful disposition of your gracious Majest 

not kill the women and children, but 

having destroyed upon the island all 

their provisions and property, and taken 

away all their weapons, we left them to 

starve. 

"In view was another considerable 
island, fifteen miles to the northward, 
concerning which we asked of the Span- 
iards if any Spaniards dwelt 
thereon. The women were 
most ungracious, .sullen and 
obstinate, perchance from 
their husbands having been 





sacred Majesty thereon, but found the story of the 
women w-as true. The Frenchman Jacques had a 
hut near the water, where he lived with an Indian 
pagan as his wife. He had a liberal store of turtles' 
t' :.:s. v.'ihered in the sand, which we took from 
Jso bis carbine and forty pounds of amber 
gris, which he had collected from the 
sea, but did him no further harm. We 
took here another observation, finding 
the latitude 31° 10' N." 

It is a safe assumption that the first 
island Drake visited was Cumberland, 
and the Jacques Isle referred to 
was the one no\v known as Jekyl. 
This highly favored region 
about Brunswick furnishes within 
,^lf those recreations which give 
zest to life. Bath- 
ing, sailing, fish- 
ing, riding employ 
the time of the 




killed before their eyes, and 

wickedly refused to answer 

us, but after we had burned 

a hole with a red-hot iron 

through the tongue of the 

most venomous of their 

number, they eftsoons told 

us that there were no Sjian- 

iards upon the other island ; 

that it was the haunt of a 

solitary Frenchman named 

Jacques, who claimed it as 

his own, and that from him 

it was known as 'Jacques 

Isle.' Fearing that the women, instigated by the devil, 

were deceiving us, we visited the other island, with the 

holy determination to exterminate any enemies of your 




AtTGl'STA, GA 



visitor who is strong enough to 
indulge in exercise, while those 
who are weaker can at rest in- 
h.ile an invigorating atmos- 
phere. There are numerous 
points of interest in the vicinity 
to which pleasant excursions 
may be made. 

Another question in relation 
to change of climate and health 
resorts docs not, strictly speak- 
ing, belong to the physician's 
province, and yet is of the utmost 
importance to the patient. It is the matter of cost. In 
the South there are abundant opportunities for self- 
support. A continued residence, in fact, will in many 



105 




BON AIR, AUGL'STA, GA. 

instances be rewarded by an accumulation 
The region is not so far distant from North- 
ern cities as to render the journey expen- 
sive, and living is cheap. There is no need 
of fuel, for instance, except for cooking pur- 
poses. For those who can afford or prefer 
that mode of life, there are, of course, hotels 
and boarding houses, but the investment of 
a very moderate capital will secure a plot 
of ground sufficiently large for cultivation, 
upon which an inexpensive house may be 
erected. The soil is so productive that a few 
seasons will render the settler independent. 
Ample conveniences exist for conveying the 
products to a near or more distant market. 
The cultivation of fruits and vegetables is 
not laliorious; it is healthful; it gives every 
promise of being profitable, and it furnishes 
cheerful occupation for the mind as well as 
for the body. 

One of the leading manufacturing cities of 
the Slate of Georgia is Augusta. It is the 
second largest inland cotton market in the 
world, and is called the ' ' Lowell of the South." 
Its magnificent water power whirls thousands 
of wheels, and its spindles and looms make 
merry music for the march of prosperity. The 
city's mills consume upward of 90,000 bales 
of cotton a j'car, and represent an actual in- 
vestment of $3,290,000, operating 239,705 .spin- 
dles and 7.000 looms. There are fourteen 
of these mills, employing about 5,000 oper- 
atives, and during 1S97 three of the largest 
decided to nearly double their capacity. 
Nearly all of the mills use water power, at a 



of means. 



cost of $5- 50 P^r horse-power per annum. The source 
of this power is the Augusta Canal, owned by the city. 
This is one of the largest canals in the United States, 
having a capacity of 14,000 horse-power, 3,000 of which 
• is unused and is for rent at the present time. The 
, advantage of Augusta's low rate of $5.50 per horse- 
power is perceived when comparison is made with 
Lowell, Lawrence and Hoi yoke, Mass., which pay $20 
per horse-power yearly ; with Paterson, N. J., where the 
rate is $37.50; Manayunk, Pa., where it is $56.25, and 
Rochester, N. Y., where $25 is the rate. Lockport, N. Y. , 
ranks next to Augusta in cheapness of water power, and 
there the annual rate is $16.50. 

Augusta has an excellent location as a distributing 
center, the many wholesale houses having a large and 
growing business. The financial condition of the city is 




m*^*^^ 





good, it having no floating debt. Tlie bonded debt is 
$1,750,800, and the city's assets $2,310,000. 

Augusta manufactures a dozen other products besides 
cotton, including fertilizers, chemicals, iron and steel, 
and furniture. One of the most interesting sights of the 
city is the Confederate obelisk on the canal. This is 
the monster chimney of the old Confederate powder 



106 



mill. The site of the poW' 
der mill is now occupied 
by one of the finest cot 
ton mills in the world. 
Augusta is a very 
attractive city from 
many standpoints, 
and offers in- 
ducements of 
a strong char- ,^;^,, 
acter in a va-^ 
riety of direc- 
tions. She is 
a clean, bright 



■li^^ 




««r^ 





The city of Macon, which is approaching the 50,000 
mark in population, is located in the very heart of 
Georgia on the Ociiiulgee River, which is open for navi- 
gation to the Atlantic Ocean, and is the chief center of 
a rich tributary territory. As a result its commerce is 
large and is growing steadily. The city's trade exceeds 
in amount over $40,000,000 annually, and it has loni; 
enjoyed the distinction of being one of the leading joli 
bing and distributing points of the South. The region 
that it supplies through its wholesale trade gives in re 
turn fruit, grain, cotton, live stock, gold, 
granite, marble, iron, coal, lumber, turpen- 
tine and rice. The variety and abundance 
of raw material nearby have conspired 
to make Macon an important indus- 
^ trial center. Factories are nu- 
% mcrous and prosperous, and 
•i $2,000,000 is invested in 
', textile industries, as evi- 
denced by several large 
cotton mills. There 
are also a number of 
foundries and ma- 



city, well built, and 
tilled with handsome 
homes and charming 
people. Her Broad Street 
is a rarely beautiful and im- 
posing thoroughfare, asphalted 
and well swept, and is the busi- 
ness artery of the city, run- 
ning through it from end 
to end. It is traversed b-, 
the cars of a well-equippci 
electric system which 
covers the whole city. 

■ The city is, because 01 
its attractiveness and du- 
lightful climate, one of the 
most popular of all the Southern winter resorts, and 
is visited each season by thousands of tourists. Its 
location in the center of the pine ridge section of the 
State gives it a wonderful freedom from humidity. The 
beautiful, modern and handsomely fitted Hotel Bon Air 
is an exceedingly 
popular stopping 
place with tourists, 
and is one of the 
best-known hostel- 
ries of the South. 
It affords its guests 
every opportunity 
for enjoyment and 
recreation. There 
are excellent golf 
links at Augusta, 
and playing is in- 
dulged in through- 
out the winter. 




-sssai 




chine shops, wheel 
works, furniture fac- 
tories, cotton-seed 
jiroducts mills and 
other manufacturing 
establishments. 
They give employ- 
ment to over 5,000 
hands and their product reaches into the millions in 
value every year. Some of the largest fertilizer fac- 
tories in the South are located at Macon. 

Macon has one 
of the best public 
school systems in 
the South, and 
spends each year 
on its maintenance 
about S'oo.ooo. In 
higher education, 
too, the city occu- 
pies a commanding 
place. 1 n Wesleyan 
Female College Ma- 
con has the first 
college in the world 
to confer academic 



im:->- 




iiS -.liLLS AT COLUMBUS, GA. 




degrees on women. A large endowment for this famous old institution was provided for by the late George I. 
Seney, of New Yoik. Macon is also the seat of Mercer University, a Baptist college for young men that is doing 
an excellent work. St. Stanislaus College and Mt. De Sales Academy, and two Catholic institutions of higher learning, 
are also located in Macon. With its fame as an educational center, its attractions as a city for residence, and its 
commanding importance in commerce and industry, Macon has ample warrant for the high hope it has in a 



future of large and substantial achievement 
Columbus ranks next to Augusta in 
making woolen and cotton cloths for half a 
its piipulation during the past decade and 
habitants. It occupies an excellent loca- 
hoochee River, which is navigable 




in all that makes for advancement and progress, 

cotton manufacturing, and has been 

century. It has doubled 

now has about 35,000 in- 
tion on the Chatta- 
large steamers for 400 
miles, from Columbus 
to the Gulf of Mexico. 
The climate is equa- 
ble, and the sur- 
rounding country 
well adapted to 




agricultural 
pursuits. It has 

one of the finest water powers in the country, 
already utilized to furnish power for street rail- 
ways and electric lights, and in the running of 
extensive woolen and cotton mills and factories. 
A belt railroad takes cars from any one of the 
seven roads entering the city, and switches 
tlicm up to the door of any factorj' or jobbing 
house. New tracks are laid to accommodate 
new establishments. Numerous important fac- 
'tories are located here, mcluding some of the 







3 ffll 



iJPU't' 




^-J 




a business college, and a fine public lilirary domiciled 
in its own building. The growth of Columbus has been 
strong and wholesome, and it is to be included in any list 
which maybe made of the prosperous cities of the South. 




Rome is the county seat of Floyd County, and the 
commercial center of one of the most attractive and pro- 
gressive sections of the industrial South. It has a popu- 
lation of more than 15,000, and is steadily increasing in 
wealth, numbers and commercial importance. 



best print and cotton mills south of New England, the 
largest plow works in the South, and the only bagging 
mill in this section. 

Columbus is destined to become one of the greatest 
industrial cities of the South. It has the advantages of 
a great water power, fine railroad facilities, and prox- 
imity to the coal fields of Alabama, and handles over 
150,000 bales of cotton annually. Sites for factories 
are donated and new industries in every way 
encouraged, showing the enterprise of the city 
and the substantial invitation it extends to 
investors. Columbus is celebrated for its 
healthfulness. There has never been an 
epidemic in the city, a case of malaria has 
never been known, and the average death 
rate is but twelve out of a thousand. Its 
school system is excellent, and it was the 
V first city in the South to establish the 
j graded system. Modern schoolhouses, 
with all sanitary arrangements complete, 
are provided for pupils of every class. 
' 4 * There are also a number of private schools, 

" besides a 
cgcfor v-f" 






col- 




There arc upward of thirty large wholesale houses 
in Rome, and it ranks among cities of twice its size as a 
wholesale market. As a cotton market Rome has no 
rival in all this section. The town has 
about twenty miles of well-macadamized 
streets. Floyd County is justly noted for 
its good roads. There are now completed 
more than seventy-si.K miles of macad- 
amized roads, built of hard limestone 
and marble, of easy grade and thoroughly 
drained. There are twenty-five to thirty 



COTTON MILLS, DAri* 



varieties of wood grown in Floyd County, and from 

sixteen to twenty varieties of minerals have been found. 

Rome may be called a city of bridges. There are 

nine excellent steel bridges, four for passengers and five 





■ >R 1 liK NviKI liKi 



MOUNT AIKV, GA, 



railroad bridges. Each one of these bridges cost ap- 
proximately $iS,ooo. The city has a splendid svstem of 
water works, supplied by water pumped from the Oosta- 
naula to the re-servoir on the top of Fort 
Jackson hill. This is one of Rome's 
boasted advantages, particularly in connec- 
tion with her fine fire department. The 
pumping capacity is in the neighborhood 
of five million gallons per day. 

The city of Rome has two large, well- 
built public school buildings. There are 
also three chartered institutions in tlie 
county : Shorter College, with buildings 
and endowment of $150,000; Hearn Insti- 
tute, with an endowment and property of 
$30,000, and the Everett Springs Seminary. 
There are in the city sixteen fine churclies, 
representing nearly every dcnominatiiin. 

Dalton, a tluiving and prosperous town 
of about 5.000 inhabitants, is in the north- 
western part of the State. Its well-tem- 
pered climate and its elevation of 1,040 feet 
above sea level make it a desirable resort 
for both winter and summer. It contains 
cotton and lumber mills, steel works and 
other industries. Dalton offers exceptional 
facilities for manufacturing enterprises, l)y 
reason of numerous desirable sites and the 
many mountain streams ranging in capa- 
city from 100,000 to 200,000 gallons daily. 
A good example of what may be done in 
this way is found in a cotton mill here 
which started in 1SS5 with 2,000 spindles 
and now operates 10,000. All increase in 
capacity has been made from surplus profits 
after paying an average of thirty per cent, 
dividend for over ten years. 

Dalton has numerous churches, and, in 
addition to its excellent system of public 



schools, a seminary for young ladies, Dalton Female 
i,"ollege. 

Fort Valley is in the peach belt, the largest peach 
orchards in the w-orld being located here. This is the 
Uome of the famous Elberta peach, and the center of 
a fine agricultural di.strict. Fort Valley has about 2,000 
people, several factories and two fruit-canning estab- 
lishments. It is said that around Fort Valley there is 
enough hardwood timber to supply all the furniture 
and wagon factories in the United States for ten years. 

At an altitude of 1,090 feet ^ -^-^ 



above sea level, and within 



) leeL , 




GAINESVILLE, CA 



^ 




sight of the Blue Ridge Moun- 
tains, is the town of Toccoa. 
with its 3,000 people. The 
site is hilly and the town 
finely shaded with large 
trees. There is a cotton 
mill and furniture fac- 
^tories in Toccoa. Near- 
by are several mineral 
springs po.ssessing 
medicinal proper- 
ties. There is much , 

s 

picturesque scenery 
in this region, and 
the town has many 
of the features req- 
uisite to make it a 
popular health resort. 
Fifty-four miles 
north of Atlanta, on 
s the main line, is the 
city of Gainesville, 
which has about 
5,000 population and 
several prosperous 
manufacturing es- 
tablishments. The 
city is 1,400 feet 
above sea level and enjoys the peculiarly dry climate with which this 
entire section is favored. The surrounding country is fertile and 
contributes largely to Gainesville's growing trade. There are also 
important gold-mming interests, and in former years the Govern- 
ment had a mint at Dahlonega, twenty-five miles distant. The city 
is a prominent educational center, the Georgia Female Seminarj* 






II 



i^ 



■pniMisneiiiiaiiBi: . 



#. 



a^- 



t-.AISFSVlI.l.F, GA. 








and Conser\-atory of Music being located 
one of the most successful institutions of 
culture in the South, and the building, 
rounded by a park of ten acres, one of 
ern. Gainesville has what is claimed to 
capacity of 1,200. The city owns its own 




here. This is 
learning and 
which is sur- 
the most mod- 



MH-l-EDCEVILLE, GA. 

i one of the best opera houses in the South, with a seating 
modern water works system, is lighted by elec- 
tricity, and electric street railroads furnish 
a fine .system of transportation. There is 
is a good public school system, several 
churches, and not a saloon in the city. A 
fifty-acre park in the center of which is a 
chalybeate spring is one of the most attrac- 
■,e features of the citv of Gainesville. 



Jackson, forty-si.x miles south of At- 
lanta, has a population of 2,000, and is a fine 
stock market. It has a cotton mill and a 
cotton-seed oil mill. One of the points of 
interest is the Indian Spring, four miles 





II AWKrNS\ILLE, GA, 



the direction of its 



east of the town. There are several churches, and the educational 
establishments include the Jackson Institute with over 300 students. 
Tallapoosa is a town of about 2, 500 population. The elevation 
is nearly 1,200 feet above sea level, the climate good. The town 
h.-is modern improvements, several factories, three hotels and 
seven churches. Two miles from town a gold-mining com- 
pany is operating with about one hundred men. Consider- 
' able attention has been given to grape culture recently, 
more than 2,000 acres 
being planted in fi 
grapes nearby. Talla- I 
poosa Lithia Springs 
Hotel is an excellent 
and popular resort. 

Elberton contains 
about 4, 500 people. 
It has a cotton mill, 
five churches, and, 
by way of schools, 
Elberton Collegiate 
Institute, Elber- 
ton Seminary and 
Bowmann Insti- 
tute, a colored 
school. It is a 
thriving town, 
and has consid- 
erable neighbor- 
ing trade. 
Eastman, on the line 
■^ between Atlanta and 
Brunswick, is one of the 
pushing young cities of 
enterprising citizens is rapidly 






Georgia, and under 
forging to the front. 

The tide of immigration which has recently set in toward Georgia is a 
movement which promises much for both the State and the newcomers. Home- 
seekers find here a hospitable welcome at the hands of a generous and warm- 
hearted people, and speedily become attached to their new homes. Evidences 
of this are to be had in the new city of Fitzgerald, recently settled by colonists 
from the North Central States, and other instances in every county in the 
State. Many of the Fitzgerald colonists are ex-soldiers of the Federal Army, 
and are among the most staunch Georgians. They took the lands in hand 
when they were rough pine forests. Now these lands blossom like a rose, and 
the colonists have built a fine modern city, with all of the up-to-date appur- 
tenances. They are very proud of their city, and jtistly so. There have 
been several smaller colonies successfully planted in the State, and a number 
of others are projected. 

The State of Georgia has an unusual number of attractive resorts, both eastman, ca. 

for health and pleasure. To enumerate them would be to name Brunswick, St. Simon's Island, and Cumberland 

Island, on the coast; Mt. Airy, in the 
northeastern part of the State ; Lithia 
Springs, twenty miles we.st of At- 
lanta; Tallulah Falls, Indian Springs, 
near Flovilla; Tallapoosa Lithia 
Springs, Warm Springs, New Holland 
Springs, and a number of others of less 
prominence. 

Lithia Springs are twenty miles 
west of Atlanta, and are famous for the 
curative properties of the water, which 
is stronger in lithia than that from any 
other spring in this country. There 




CEORr.rA SCHOOL FOR DEAF ANT, FilMIl, 



SPRI.SGS, GA. 




is a handsome, well- 
appointed hotel 
here which offers 
its guests many at- 
tractions. There 
also at the springs one of 
the finest and best-equipped 
bath houses in the South. 

Austell, eighteen miles from At- 
lanta, is one of its most delightful 
suburbs, and being the junction of 

the Chattanooga and Birmingham divisions, has supe- 
rior time service. 

The Indian Springs are one and a ha-lf miles from 
Flovilla, which is on the line to Brunswick, fifty-one 
miles southeast of Atlanta. The springs were originally 
purchased from the Indians by the State and their waters 
have been famous for many years. In the earlier times, 
and before the excellent hotel accommodations now 
found there were provided, the spot used to be a common 
camping ground for the people who came here in great 
numbers from the surrounding country to seek the 



'W di' 



' ' benefits to be derived 

from the waters. 
The Warm Springs 
are on the Columbus 
ivision of the South- 
ern Railway, forty-two 
miles from Columbus and 
seventy-five miles from Atlanta. 
The place is one of the most charni- 
siKixGs, I, A, '"S resorts of the South, famous 

alike for the curative properties of 
its waters and for its most delightful surroundings. 
The country round about the Warm Springs is broken 
and picturesque, and has an altitude of about 1.200 
feet above .sea level. The surface drainage being per- 
fect," and the underlying material being sandstone and 
gravel, there is no malaria. There is a handsome hotel 
here, supplied with a modern system of sanitation and 
all the accessories of a thoroughly first-class resort hos- 
telry. The bathing establishment comprises sixteen in- 
dividual baths or pools 4x8 feet, two large pools 15 x 40 
feet, one for gentlemen and the other for ladies; and one 




' WARM SPRINGS, CA 




ma.af n i f icen t general 
swimming pool 50x150 
feet. All of these are sup- 
plied with an abundance 
of water, which gushes 
from the springs at the 
rate of 1,400 gallons per 
minute, and at a temper- 
ature of ninety degrees. 
The curative properties 
of these waters in cases 
of rheumatism, dyspepsia 
and other ailments are 
well known, and the 
Warm Springs enjoy a 
large patronage from all sections of the country. 

The record of what i.s being accomplished by the 
great State of Georgia, as reflected in the foregoing 
pages, is necessarily brief, but enough has been given to 
show, although in a fragmentary manner, to what account 
the citizens of this noble State are turning its many 



DE SOTO HOTEL, SAVANN.\H, GA. 



natural endowments. It 
invites others to share 
its awaiting fortunes. 
There is room still. The 
State has 38.000,000 acres 
of land and 2,200,000 pop- 
ulation. It can be seen 
what an opening there is 
for newcomers. All the 
conditions are favorable 
for the earnest, energetic, 
thrifty immigrant. The 
development of the 
State's natural resources 
has not as yet more than 
fairly begun, whereas the resources of the North are all 
in hand and those of the West are becoming less and less 
alluring each year. The South is unquestionably the 
"coming" section of the Union, and Georgia, the Em- 
pire State of the South, is unquestionably one of the 
bright particular stars of the Southern gala.xy. 





,,a.ai «•<»•« ••♦oo,. 



ENNESSEE 






TENNESSEE has just started on the second century of her 
statehood with a swinging stride that betokens both confidence 
in her destiny and the strength to fulfill it. From a past of 
achievement she advances to a future of promise witli all the liopeful- 
ness of conscious power. 

Within the hospitable gates of her splendid capital she has just 
passed in review before all the world the fruits of progress of the 
hundred years that are gone, marking the span between'a forest pri- 
meval and an industrial empire, and forming a stupendous object 
lesson of man's triumph over Nature. Her Centennial E.xposition was 
merely a taking of the world into her confidence. She knew of the 
sleeping treasures of coal and iron in her bosom, of the forests on 
her mountains, of the power dashing joyously down her rivers, of the 
latent richness of soil that blossoms forth under cultivation into rich 
fields of golden grain and silvery cotton. Throughout the century 
she has been prodigal of opportunity, and her children have matched 
that prodigality with endeavor. The result has been the transforma- 
tion of a forest into an empire, of a frontier settlement into a State 
with over two million souls. Its development has been so magnificent 
that its component parts and forces merit examination in de'rail, and 
in them is found the assurance of a still larger growth wliich is the 
sufficient and sound reason for inflowing immigration and increased 
capital. 

The State takes its name from that given by the Indians to the 
Little Tennessee River— Tannassee. As early as 1769 emigrants from 
North Carolina crossed the mountains and located in the valley on 
their western side. In 1776, when the constitution of North Carolina 
was framed, the settlements in Tennes.see, or, as it was then called, 
the District of Washington, sent representatives to the legislative 
body, but the union was never a close one. The mother State 
neglected the settlements on the far side of the mountains, and in 17S4 
voted to cede that section of her territory to the United States. The 
hardy settlers in the territory affected were so outraged by this action 
^at they asserted their independence, fonned the State of Frank- 
4and, afterward called Franklin, chose John Sevier as their Governor, 
elected delegates to a legislature which convened in 17S5, and petitioned 
admi.ssion to the Union. This was refused by Congress, and three 
years later the State ended its career. In 1789 the section was ceded 
to the General Government, and the following year, together with 
what is now Kentucky, was organized as a Territory of the United 
States south of the Ohio. In 1 794 Tennessee was given a separate Ter- 
ritorial government, and in June, 1796, it was admitted as a State, 
with Kno.xville as its capital. 

The high standard of achievement the early settlers set for their 
sons has been maintained. After Sevier and Shelby came Jackson 
and the strong men of the present century. It was from the gover- 
nor's chair of Tennessee that Sam Houston went to win independence 

»i5 




for Texas and a great State for the Union. Davy 
Crockett, hunter immortal, knitted into his brave 
soul, on many an Indian trail by the rivers of Ten- 
nessee, the courage that was to nerve him for the 
Alamo. Three Presidents, Jackson, Polk and Johnson, 
have been given to the nation by the State, and her sons 
have earned lasting fame in every field of high endeavor. 

In their native State or abroad, Tennesseeans have 
been men of deeds. That has been their badge of dis- 
tinction. True to their Anglo-Saxon blood — much of the 
Scotch-Irish — they have brought things to pass, and 
nowhere has this been so strikingly shown as in 
the mighty progress of the State herself. 

Consider for a moment this 
progress in figures. The pres- 
ent annual value of all the 
State's products exceeds S200,- 
000,000. This enormous ag- 
gregate is divided as follow 
Field crops, 847.332,046, 11. 
eluded in which are about 
35,000,000 pounds of tobacco 
leaf; market gardens and ber- 
ries, 8787,782; live stock, $39,- 
082,862; dair}' products, S20,- 
000,000; mineral products, 
$6,445,233: manufactured pro- 
ducts of all kinds, including 
lumber, $So,ooo,ooo; liquors, 
nuts, miscellaneous articles, 
$662,500: fruits, $4,853,412. 

The estimated value of property 
in the State is over $900,000,000, which is more than 
$450 for every man, woman and child within her borders. 
She has $25,000,000 invested in banking capital, and up- 
ward of 1,500 manufacturing e.stablishments, turning 
out annually products valued at $50,000,000 and em- 
ploying 25 000 hands Does the vo)-age of an Argonaut 
of old seem more like a romance than does this chronicle 



divided naturally into three 
grand divisions, the eastern, 
middle, and western. The 
last-named lies between the 
Tennessee and Missi.ssippi 
rivers and comprises twenty- 
one counties having an area of 
10,512 square miles. This is 
the cotton section of the State, 
which produced last year 
[52,916 bales. It might be 
mentioned as a commendable 
distinction in favor of Ten- 
nessee that she stands among 
the great cotton manufactur- 
ing States as fifth in the 
United States. There are in the State 26 cotton mills, 
95.S36 spindles, 2,344 looms, and 29,915 bales were con- 
sumed by these mills last year. 

Middle Tennessee, comprising forty-one counties, 
stretches from the Tennessee River to the Cumberland 
tableland on the east, and scattered over it are some 




AN KAST TENNESSEE VAl.LKY 



of fact, this narra- 
tury from a wilder- 
Tennessee has 




five of progress in a cen- 
ness to a billion ? 
the variety of soil and cli- 
mate which makes it pos- 
sible for her to boast that 
every crop reported in 
the national census 
is grown within her 
fertile borders. 
The State capable 
of such won- 
,|# ders in pro- 
duction is 



of the finest stock, grain and fiiiit farms in the world. 

The Southern Railway extends through eastern Ten- 
nessee (which in variety and abundance of resources is 
doubtless entitled to the post of honor) from Bristol to 
Chattanooga; thence, by diverging lines, southeast to 
Atlanta and Brunswick; southwest to Birmingham, Ala., 
Meridian and Greenville, Miss., and west to Memphis. 

The valley of east Tennessee, through the entire 
length of which the Southern Railway runs, is two 
hundred and forty miles long, has an average width of 
nearly sixty miles, and as a section has few equals either 
for beauty of landscape or fertility of soil. The impress 
of prosperity is everywhere stamped upon its face, and 
the attractions of the natural scenery have been supple- 
mented by the thrift of man. Over to the east of this 
garden-like valley may be discerned the hazy outlines of 
the Great Smoky and Balsam mountains, and to the west 
stretches an undulating region of field and forest to the 
Cumberland plateau. 



ti6 



The section has £or very many years been one of the 
choicest for farming and dairy purposes, and that those 
who are tillers of the soil have been blest with abundance 
is made evident by even a car-window view. Along the 
northwestern border of this valley is a continuous belt of 
fossil iron ore, and along its upper portion the Oriskany 
ores, connected with the coal by frequent water gaps 
where streams come down into the bottom lands. South- 
east of this iron belt, and in parallel strips across the 
valley to its southern side, are valuable beds, deposits 
and ledges of marbles, limestones, clays, iron ores, zinc, 
lead and other minerals, and along its southeastern side 
it is again bordered by a broad belt of limestone iron 
ores, famous for the ductility and toughness of the iron 
made from them. Throughout the valley fertile lands, 
fine timber, clear streams, innumerable mineral springs 
and beautiful scenery abound. 

The valley is fluted with ridges and broken hills and 
intervening valleys of great fertility in which are grown 
with success corn, wheat, oats, rye, tobacco, clover, and 
the various gi-asses. Nearly all fruits grow in this 



an<l mirror the blui 
skies above. Thou- 
sands of springs and 
creeks feed the Ten- 






THE VALLEY OF THE HIWASSEE 



region, and hundreds of thousands of dollars' worth of 
fruits and berries, green and dried, but chiefly dried or 
canned, are annually shipped. Apples, peaches, pears, 
plums, strawberries and grapes are the principal fruits. 
Vegetables grow to surprising perfection, and some of 
the finest market gardens and truck farms in the South 
are adjacent to Knoxville. 

The climate is equable and famed for its 
healthfulness. The growing season embraces 
about one hundred and ninety-four days. 
The winters are mild and the summers for 
the most part delightful. The average altitude 
is one thousand feet above sea level. There 
are no extremes of heat or cold, no cyclones or 
tornadoes, the mountains seeming to serve as a 
protection again.st them. 

From Bristol on the Virginia line and Hot 
Springs on the North Carolina border to Chatta- 
nooga in the lower end of the valley, the mountains and 
valleys abound in rivers and streams of pure water, clear 
as crystal, which flow over rocky bottoms or pebbly beds 



THE FIRST CAPnOL AT K.NO.XVILLE, TEN.\. 

nes.see, French Broad, Holston. Hiwassee, Pigeon Creek, 
Emory, Little Cumberland and Wautauga Rivers, all 
beautiful and picturesque streams, supplying unlimited 
water power and affording fine fishing. 

In extent and variety of mineral deposits it may be 
truly said that no region surpassesthat of east Tennessee. 
It has coal, iron, marble, copper, zinc, lead, nickel, 
barytes and potter's clay, all in workable 
quantities, while the supjily of most of 
these is practically unlimited. Gold is 
also found in paying quantities. Along 
the streams in McMinn and Monroe 
counties men make from one dollar to 
live dollars a day by a primitive process 
of panning. Zinc smelting works are in 
operation at Clinton, Mossy Creek and 
Xew Market, all within twenty miles of 
Knoxville, the zinc of a superior quality. 
The Ducktown copper mines have pro- 
iluced thousands of tons of copper, and 
their output has recently been largely 
increased. 

There are numerous deposits of iron 
ore, brown hematite and magnetite, 
yielding from thirty to seventy per cent. 
of metallic iron. These deposits exist 
in every one of the thirty-four counties 
in east Tenne.s.see. and in most of them 
in marketable quantities. In many places it has been 
taken out in open cuts, comparatively little deep mining 
being done. There are furnaces in Cranberry, Johnson 
City, Embreeville, Rockwood, Dayton and Citico. 

Tennessee to-day puts on the market ahmM .,i\- hun- 
dred thousand tons of iron ore more than C 




Britain did in iRiS. more than tlie United States did in 
1S42, and half as much as was produced in the United 
States in 1S61. Though considerable advance had been 
made in this industry prior to the War, the period of most 
rapid development dates from 1S73, when investors first 
began to realize the wonderful opportunities presented 
for the employment of capital and energy in connection 
with the great natural advantages. In the production 
of both red and brown hematite ore, Tennessee occupies 
fifth place among the States of the Union. Magnetic 
and other varieties of ore are found in paying quantities, 
but not to such an extent as the above named. 

An illustration of the remarkably superior methods 
of iron-making to-day over those of ante-bellum times is 
shown by the statement that with forty-nine furnaces, in 
those earlier days, Tennessee produced 40,306 tons, at a 
cost of $30 per ton, while anj' one of the larger furnaces 
in the State to-day would produce more iron than all the 
forty-nine did in 1854. Large numbers of men are 
emploj'cd in the industry, and it is one of the great 
sources of wealth to the State. 

The coal fields within a radius of sixty miles of 
Knoxville embrace about one hundred 
thousand acres, including the Jellico 
and Coal Creek districts, from which 
about one million tons are mined 
annually. The annual produc- 
tion of the State is about 
2,600,000 tons, wholly of 
the bituminous variety. 
The coal iield of Ten- 
nessee covers 5,500 miles, 
and is all in the east and 
eastern middle section of 
the State. 

Probably no section 
in America produces 
more or a greater variety 
of fire-brick claj-. It is 
estimated that there is a 
million tons of good fire 
clay already mined and thrown out among the debris at 
the coal regions. These clays usually 
run from fifty-five to sixty-five per 
cent, silica, and from twenty to 
twenty-four per cent, of aluminum. 
Cement rock is equally abundant. 
Taking coal, iron, coke, fire clay, cement 
rock, limestone and timber, no stretch 
of territory anywhere produces such quan- 
tities and va- ,< .: 



general industries 
When to these is 
added transpor- 
tation facili- 
ties an dun- 






A TF-N'N'ESSR 




rietv for 







AN F..\-HIBIT OF FF.KNESSEE FRUIT 

water power, everything is present for the most pros- 
perous development. 

East Tennessee is noted for its marble, which exists 
in practicall}' inexhaustible quantities and almost endless 
variety and tints. There are now about one hundred 
quarries in operation, which produce 300.000 cubic feet a 
year. Forty of these are in the vicinity of Knoxville, 
which is one of the largest marble shipping points in the 

United States. The mar- 
ble columns and balus- 
trades in the Capitol at 
Washington are from 
Hawkins County, east 
Tennessee, and some of 
the finest quality is seen 
in the new Congressional 
Library Building. New 
York's Capitol at Albany 
is finished in Tennessee 
marble, and so are a num- 
ber of the handsomest 
buildings in Chicago, in- 
cluding the Public Library, 
NewYork and other cities. 
A large amount of tim- 
ber has been shipped from 
east Tennessee, but the 
supply is practically inexhaustible. Hard woods of the 
finest quality abound. Oak and poplar are most abun- 
dant, but hickory, cherry, chestnut, walnut, maple, beech, 
.sycamore, ash, persimmon, dogwood, basswood, sour- 
wood, sassafras, gum, hemlock, buckeye, spruce and 
balsam are among the most plentiful woods. There are 
27,000,000 acres of forest lands in the State, and the 
lumber output from 702 saw mills located in every 
division of the State is over 400,000,000 feet annually. 

The growing of tobacco is one of the most important 
industries in Tennessee, and in some sections as a money 
crop it takes the lead. There are eighteen States in the 
Union denominated as tobacco-growing States. Of these 
Kentucky leads in number of acres and value of the 
crop; North Carolina next; then Virginia, and Tennessee 
is fourth. The number of acres planted in Tennessee in 
r.Sr)6 was 53.351; number of pounds raised, 35,211,660, 
and value of the crop, $2,464,816. 

With a climate so salubrious and scenery so pictur- 
esque it is most natural that east Tennessee should 
abound in health resorts. There are numerous mineral 
springs, summer hotels and mountain resorts where 



iiS 




FALLS OUT FROM ATHKNS. NIIAK WMITK LLIFF SHRtNt,S 



housantU spend the 
leated season. Sul- 
;'hur, chalybeate 
and epsom are the 
])revailinCT waters. 
Among the best- 
known places are 
Lookout Mountain, 
Roan Mountain, 
Tate Springs, Lea 
Springs, Oliver's, 
HaleSjirings, Mont- 
vale, Galbraith's, 
Glenn Alpine, Mt. 
Nebo, Melrose, 
Tucker's and White 
Cliff. Each has 
some special attrac- 
tion to commend it. 

As has been 
seen, in min- 
eral, agricul- 
tural and nat- 
ural resources 
Tennessee 
takes the fore- 
ni o s t place 
among the 
States of the Union. She is equally conspicuous in 
education, having over 3,000 public school buildings, 
valued at $3,000,000. The students who pass through 
the curriculum afforded by the primary, grammar 
and high schools have but to enter the colleges of 
the State in order to complete courses in higher 
learning. There are 41S teachers and professors 
in her State colleges, and more than 6, 500 students, 
being the largest college population of any State in 
the South, and ranking seventh in the roll of States. 
The University of Tennessee, at Knoxville, 
very justly stands at the head of the educational 
system of the State. Its establishment was due to 
the appropriation of public lands by the Congress 
of 1S06 for the maintenance of a college in the ter- 
ritory now known as east Tennessee. Particular 
attention is being paid by this institution to scien- 
tific courses and manual training, although all the clas- 
sical courises of the best universities are offered. Aside 
from the regular school system and the State University 
there are many other colleges and schools which are 
either the results of private enterprise or have been 
established by churches or other benefactors to the edu- 
cational world. Among them are SuUin's College, King 

College, and the Bapti.st Fe- 
male College, all at Bris- 
tol; Tusculum Col- 
lege, near Greene- 
ville; the Carson 
and Newman Col- 
lege, Mossy Creek ; 
Baker and Himmel 
LTniversity Prepara- 
tory School, Knox- 
ville College, Foun- 




tain City Normal School. East Tennessee l-'emale Insti- 
tute, Knoxville Medical College, Knoxville; Marysville 
College, at Marysville, near Knoxville ; Hiwassee College, 
Hivvassee, near Athens; Sweetwater Military Academy, 
Female College, Sweetwater; Grant University and 
Female College, Athens; Centenary Female College, 
Cleveland; Howard Female College, Gallatin; 'Vander- 
bilt University, Price's Girl's School, Ward Seminary, 
Boscobel College, St. Cecelia Academy, Peabody Normal 
College, and the Montgomery Bell Academy, all at Nash- 
ville; Memphis Conference Female Institute, Jackson; 
Southwestern Baptist L'niversity. Jackson; Southwestern 
Presbyterian University, Clarksville; Clarksville Female 
Institute, Clarksville; Columbia Athenaeum, Columbia; 
Martin Female College, Pulaski; Cumberland University, 
Lebanon; the Jesse Mai Aydelott College, Tullahoma; 
Memphis Military Academy, Memphis ; the Higby School 
for young ladies. Memphis; the Dick White College, 
Favetteville; Webb School, Bell Buckle. 




A TKNNESSEE AIAHBLE QLARRY NEAR KNOXVILL! 

The towns of the State are seats of learning, centers 
of busy trade, and the homes of a people who are under 
marching orders in every way of progress. They have 
grown with the country from which thej' draw their 
support. The ' ' boom " is not in their lexicon, all lines of 
advancement having been natural and steady, and, as a 
result, permanent. In recent years increasing attention 
has been paid to manufacturing, and advantage has 
been taken of the conjunction of coal and iron iu abun- 
dance to promote iron industries. The smoke above 
Chattanooga tells something of the result. This bust- 
ling city, under the shadow of lofty Lookout Mountain, 
is the industrial and commercial center of a marvelously 
rich section carved from the three great States of 
Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama. So manifest were 
the natural advantages of the city's location, that the 
unlettered Indian could not fail to read them as he roved 
from the Lakes to the Gulf, and he chose its present site 



1 19 



GATE OF NATIONAL CKMETERY 
CHATTANOOGA, TKNN. 




'j££^^^ 





on it multiplied his tepees 
till, legend has it, it became 
the most populous camp of 
the red man in ail the 
South. 

In this later time the 
shrewd man of business, 
quick to see the bearing of 
every resource in the de- 
velopment of industry and 
commerce, has confirmed 
the judgment of the savage. 

In the ten years from "iSSo to 
1890 Chattanooga increased in pop- 
ulation from 14,000 to 35,000. Its 
present population is about 50,000. 
In industrial development the in- 
crease has been as marked. In 
iSSo the city had 58 industries 
with a total capital of $2,045,000, 
and an annual product of $3,230.- 
000. They employed 2,123 hands, 
\Vho received in wages $568,508 a 
year. In 1S97, factories had in- 
creased in number to 161, with a 

capital of $11,802,600. They em- chathnooga, tkxn 

ployed 6,182 hands, who received in wages for the year 
$2,397,100, the value of the output being $13,000,000. 
Even during the period of general depression from iScu 
to 1S97, 62 manufacturing plants were established in 
Chattanooga, a rate of increase unprecedented probably 
in the industrial history of any section of America. 

At present 
nearly $2,000,000 
is invested in the 
iron industry, 
which gives em- 
ployment to over 
1,000 men. 

Wood is as 
abundant as iron, 
and the city is 
among the fore- 
most in the manu- 
facture of furni- 
ture. In the lum- 
ber and wood 
manufacturing 




iiKlustrv a inuiiou uoiiais 
is invested and 1,225 per- 
sons find employment. 

The city's advantages 
in all lines of manufac- 
ture, in the way of cheap 
fuel, pro.ximity to raw 
materials, excellent trans- 
portation, and connec- 
tions with central mar- 
'kets. are but recently 
receiving the attention 
they have merited. As a con- 
sequence it is now confidently 
expected that the textile in- 
dustry will be brought to its 
rightful place of co-ordinate 
importance with the iron and 
wood industries. 

While Chattanooga is pre- 
eminently a manufacturing 
city, its mercantile interests 
are important and growing. 
As a jobbing center it has the 
great advantage of being the 
natural commercial entrepot 
of a wonderfully opulent re- 
gion two hundred miles square, in which 2,400,000 
people dwell. Radiating from the city throughout this 
territorv are eleven lines of railroad, and flowing by is 
the navigable Tennessee, offering river transportation to 
the Ohio and the Gulf. The Belt Line, controlled by 
the Alabama Great Southern Railroad, completely en- 
circles the city, and 
on it are located 
some of the largest 
industries in this 
section. 

But Chattanoo- 
ga does not allow 
the smoke of pros- 
pering factories to 
befog its apprecia- 
tion of the impor- 
tance of good 
schools. It points 
with much pride to 
the fact that last 
vear seventy per 



cent, of its children between the years of six and twenty- 
one were in the public schools of the city. The city is 
the seat of the medical and theological departments of 
Grant Universit}'. As a fitting complement to its fine 
schools are many splendid churches, beautiful homes 
and an imposing array of business and public buildings. 
In the best and broadest sense, Chatta- 
nooga is a high type of a modern 
American city, alert in im- 
proving every opportunity of 
material advantage with- 
out forgetting the things 
of the higher life. 

No pen has nor ever 
will adequately pic 



liave of it into a mere dot upon the surface of the world 
below you. The lover of the grand in Nature never 
tires of Lookout Mountain. It is a noble temple of the 
Almighty's greatest masterpieces, and a worthy com- 
jianion to Niagara, the Yosemite, the Yellowstone Park 
and the canons of the Colorado. 

The summit of the mountain is easily 

reached by railway, and on one 

of the most elevated and 

commanding points is the 

famous Lookout Inn, 

doubtless the most 

magnificent hotel on 

a mountain to be 

found an V where 




ture the sublime an 
inspiring view ta» be 
had from Point Rock, 
the jutting promontory o 
massive stone which fairly 
overhangs like a balcony the val- 
ley of the Tennessee River. If the 
day be clear one may discern the high- 
lands and mountains of seven different 
States, those in Tennessee, Georgia, 
North Carolina, South Carolina and 
Alabama being relatively near, and 
those of Virginia and Kentucky in 
hazy outline against the northern hori- 
zon. You may follow with your eye 
the silvery gleam of the beautiful 
Tennessee River, fringed with forest 
cind field until it is spun out to a mere thread and is lost 
to view. Far below you, so far that j^ou grasp a sup- 
port for fear you may dizzily plunge over the awful 
precipice, the river in its curvings forms the historic 
Moccasin Bend, and almost infolds the city of Chat- 
tanooga, which is dwarfed by the eagle's-eye view you 



I.<^()K(JttT MUU 



in America. It was 
built at a cost of S250,- 
000, contains nearly 500 
guest chambers, and is 
equipped with every conven- 
ience of modern hotel life. 
From the top of Lookout one can see 
that perpetual memorial to the valor of 
North and South — a memorial which, 
by celebrating a common bravery, has 
become the surest bond of peace — the 
Chickamauga and Chattanooga Military 
Park. It embraces the principal battle- 
fields in the vicinity of Chattanooga and 
was established by act of Congress. Its 
affairs are in the hands of a National 
KTAjs. TRNN. CommissioH appointed bv the Secre- 

tary of War, and the Secretary has final authority 
in all matters connected with the work of its establish- 
ment. The park consists chiefly of the Chickamauga 
and the Chattanooga divisions, the former lying in 
the State of Georgia and the latter in the State of 
Tennessee. 



The battlefield on 
Lookout Mountain is a 
portion of the Chatta- 
nooga division of the 
park. Practically, the 
city of Chattanooga 
it.self is also a portion of 
this division, since by 
State and county laws 
and city ordinances the 
Park Commission is 
given authority to mark 
all points of military in- 
terest with tablets and 
monuments, and the 
jurisdiction of the Gov- 
ernment over the same 
has been assured by law. 

All of the roads used 
by troops in the battle 
have been restored and 
improved by the best 
methoiis of road-making 
known to modern enginee 

Tlie Chickamauga 
underbrush and through 
acres of open 
mauga. Brown's 
Ridge, and 
t w e n t y - s i X 
in the bat- 
all of them 




"ilN- PPND OF TME T ESNESS!" T. l; I \' F R 
MUUNIAIN, CH.\llANOUUA l.*J Tilt DISIANCE 





ring. The mileage of driveways throughout the park amounts to about sixty miles, 
field consists of about five thousand acres of woodland, all of which has been cleared of 
every part of which a team can drive without difficulty, and about fifteen hundred 
field. The brigade lines of battle upon seven distinct fields, namely, Chicka- 
Ferry, Wauhatchie. Orchard Knob, Lookout Mountain, Missionary 
Ringgold, have been accvirately identified with the assistance of 
State Commissions interested, and a large number of participants 
ties. Most of these lines are already marked by monuments, and 
by historical tablets. About one thousand historical tablets have 
already been erected, and a large number of locality and distance 
tablets and other guides to movements upon the fields. All 
fighting positions of batteries for both sides on the Chickamauga 
- field have been indicated by the erection of guns of the same 
pattern as those used by the battery in the engagement, upon 
iron gun carriages which are an exact reprodtietion of those of 
the battle. Thirty-five battery positions on one side and 
thirty-three on the other have been thus marked by the 
mounting of over two hundred guns. A majority of 
the battery positions thus far ascertained in the 
Chattanooga section of the park have been marked 
in the same way. 

The underlying element of the park establish- 
ment is the restoration of the battlefield. By the 
clearing out of timber which has grown since the 
war, the closing of new roads, and the opening 
of the roads of the battle, the Chickamauga bat- 
tlefield has been restored in almost every respect 
to its condition at the time of the battle. 

Both the Northern and Southern States which 
had troops engaged are actively at work in ascer- 
taining the regimental lines of battle of their 
troops and marking them by monuments. 

The tablets which are erected by the 
National Commission are strictly historical. 
These tablets show the organization of 
armies, corps, divisions and brigades with 
their respective commanders, the brigade 
tablets carrying these designations to the 
commanders of regiments and batteries. 
The historical textuponeach tablet, varying 





CHATTANOOGA IKSIH 



from 250 to 500 words, is very carefully prepared, and 
then passes through the hands of eaeh member of 
the National Commission and tbeir historians, and 
finally must receive the approval of the Secretary of 
War before being erected upon the field. The same 
method is ob.served in regard to all mscriptious upon 
monuments. The locations of all monuments, markers 
and tablets must al.so receive first the approval of the 
National Commission, of which Gen. II. V. Hoyn- 
ton is Secretary, and finally that of the Secretary 
of War, before they can be erected. 

One of Tennessee's most progressive cities 
is Knoxville, which was founded in 1792. It 
was the first capital of the ^ State, and the 
original capitol, which is still 
state of preservation, is an 
terest to all visitors to the 
city. Among 
Knoxville's dis 
tinguished res- 
idents have "^' 
been Gen/, 
John Sevier,''*^' 
the hero of 



to be built. Kno.willc has more bridges than any other 
city of its size in the country. Two magnificent struc- 
tures which span the Tennessee are occupied by rail- 
roads, and two are for the use of the public, one of which, 
a new bridge costing nearly a quarter of a million, is about 
completed. Several other bridges span the creeks which 
border the city upon two sides. 

The river is navigable for boats for seventy miles 
above Knoxville, and below to the Ohio. The city ranks 

fourth in volume of trade among the cities of the South. 

It, has many wholesale houses, a large proportion of 



them doing an ex- 
volume of trade 
$40,000,000 an- 
of the jobbing 
employ 1,300 




elusive jobbing business. The 

has been estimated at about 

nually. A careful canvass 

houses shows that they 

people, and their trade 

extends to every one of the 

Southern States. 

Knoxville's ten banks 
have a total capi- 
tal of Sii,6S7,oot) 
and a surplus of 
$450,000. Bank 
clearings for 
1 ^07 amounted 




BATTLt .MONUMKSTS IN CH ICK A.M AUUA NATIONAL I'AKK 



King's Mountain; Andrew Johnson, Davy Crockett and 
many others. 

The city has a population, recently enumerated, of 
50,000, and is a place of solid growth, abounding in beau- 
tiful homes and lovely views of mountain and river. It 
is the scat of the University of Tennessee ; has a number 
of high-class private schools and a splendid public 
school system, and thirteen school buildings, four just 
completed; about seventy churches, embi'acing all the 
leading denominations; twenty-five miles of electric 
street railway; an abundant supply of the purest water; 
a new market house costing $40,000; a fine public 
library; two handsome parks; and a new hospital is soon 



to $21,450,000. and the weekly clearings, wnnu are 
steadily increasing, average about $400 000. 

Among the more important manufacturing enter- 
prises, of which there are 257 in Knoxville, are a cotton 
mill of 2.300 spindles, the largest woolen mill in the 
South, a jeans mill, with 375 looms; a cotton warp mill 
of 5.000 spindles, with all the latest improved machinery ; 
two stove factories; a rolling mill; three large marble 
mills; several flour mills; a number of foimdries; iron 
fence, furnace and heater, roller mill machinery, mantel, 
grate, and furniture manufactories, and many others. 

In the city are located the large shops of the South- 
ern Railway, occupying, with their eleven buildings. 



123 




KNOXVILLE 

RESIDENCES 



over loo acres and employing about 750 men. They 
represent an investment of over half a million dollars, 
and constitute one of the most important industrial plants 
in the city. 

Knoxville has a court house costing $200,000, and a 
post office built of marble at a cost of $400,000. The 
former is located on 
the spot where the 
treaty between Gen- 
eral Knox and the 
Indians was signed. 
The city has well- 
paved streets, notably 
clean and attractive, 
and its normal death 
rate is only about 
10.60 to the thousand. 
Many Northerners 
si)end the winter here, 
while people from tlie 
South come to Knox- 
ville for the summer. 

The population is cosmopolitan. Every State in the 
Union is represented, a large per cent, being from the 
North and East. There are few foreigners, and there is 
a smaller colored population than in any city of its size 
in the South. 



The University of Tennessee, now in the second 
century of its existence, maintains in every depart- 
ment its career of usefulness and honor. No educational 
institution in the South ranks higher. The University 
is the capstone of the public school system of the State 
and completes the work begun in the primary schools 
and carried on through the secondary and high 
schools. It is the only higher institution 
in the State which all the people may 
claim as their own, and in which all 
have free tuition. Besides the academic 
department, there are departments of 
law, medicine and dentistry, all leading 
to their appropriate degrees. The uni- 
versity buildings, fourteen in number, 
are beautifully located on an eminence 
in West Knoxville. The university struc- 
tures tower above the city like the battle- 
ments of some ancient castle. The campus is 
covered with beautiful elms, among which 
are endless archways of walks and drives, 
bordered by grass plots, shrubbery and 
flowers. Here "classic shades and leafy 
dells" are a charming reality. 

Among the other institutions of learn- 
ing at Knoxville are the Morris Classical 
School and the East Tennessee Female Insti- 
tute, Fountain City Normal School, Knoxville 
Medical College, Knoxville College (colored), 
Baker and Himmel University Preparatory School, 
and the State institution for the deaf and dumb. 
Knoxville's residence section is particularly attract- 
ive, and demonstrates in the numerous beautiful homes 
the refinement and culture of its inhabitants. Few if 
any of our American cities of equal population have 
more to be proud of in the line of municipal improve- 
ments. The social atmosphere of the place is of the best, 
and the population is made up of sturdy, enterprising 
people who are ever alert to the city's welfare, and 
energetic in developing all that makes for progi'ess, 
refinement and wealth. 

Bristol, the "twin city" of Tennessee and Virginia, 




occupies a unique position, the boundary line between 
the two States running along the center of Main 
Street. While pre-eminently a commercial city, its insti- 
tutions of learning are among the finest in the South, in- 
cluding three colleges (one male and two female) and 



124 



four public schools. The town contains sixteen churches, 
representing all denominations. Its rapid growth from 
a country village to a city of 12,000 inhabitants is due as 
much, perhaps, to its excellent transportation facilities. 
as to the combined resources of the agricultural, mineral 
and timber districts with which it is surrounded. Its 
volume of business for 1897 aggregated $6. 500,000. The 
city contains 125 mercantile establishments, including 
ten wholesale houses, nineteen factories, among them 
several large tobacco plants, and numerous smaller indus- 
tries. Nestling in the beautiful and picturesque valley of 
the Holston River, Bristol is immediately surrounded by 
an agricultural district unsurpassed in f' 
tility of soil and variety of produc- 
tion, while further back to the 
east lie the Blue Ridge 
Mountains, with their tim 
ber and mineral resources, 
which challenge in point 
of wealth the inex- 
haustible coal 
fields of the 



North Carolina Railroad connects with the Southern 
Railway. It is over this road that Roan Mountain may 
be most comfortably reached. This famous mountain is 
one of the most popular resorts in the South, the hotel 
upon its summit being the highest house in point of 
altitude in the United States east of Colorado. The 
State line runs through the hotel, where it is painted, a 
broad white 
band along the 
dining-room 
floor, and, by 
a queer geo- 
gr.-iph i 1- .-1 1 




UNIVERSITY 

OF TE.NNESSEE 

K.S0.XV1LLE 



Alleghany Mountains which lie to the west of the city. 

Johnson City, twenty-five miles southwest of Bristol, 
is the center of the magnetic ore region of Tennessee, 
and has large commercial interests based upon its trade 
in ore. It is destined to become prominent in iron 
manufacturing, because it has ore, coal and coke in 
prodigal abundance at its very doors, and an enterprising 
class of citizens alert to its opportunities. 

At Johnson City the Kast Tennessee & Western 



freak. North Carolina, in this 
particular spot, is west of Ten- 
nessee. The hotel has ample ac- 
commodation for over 400 guests. 
Each room commands a magnificent 
view of mountain and cloud, and as the 
building is large and white it can be seen 
for over 100 miles in any direction, and from 
it the eye ranges over a vast expanse: to the west, 185 
miles; to the north, across the broad valley of east Ten- 
nessee, T50 miles into Kentucky; to the northeast, 150 
miles into West Virginia; to the east-northeast, 150 miles 
into old Virginia; to the east, 150 miles into the low- 
lands of North Carolina ; to the south, 1 10 miles over the 
Blue Ridge, across North Carolina into South Carolina ; 
to the southwest, 150 miles into a corner of Georgia; to 
the west-southwest, 160 miles over the mountain ranges 
of western North Carolina — in all an area of over 50,000 
square miles of the most varied and picturesque scenery 
in any country in the world. The view reaches into 
seven .States and gives one a sight of 1 10 mountains 
that are each over 4,000 feet high. Too great for descrip- 
tion, too lovely to paint, it can only be realized by actual 
presence. Unlike other resorts, one does not have to go 





rMVERsnv OP thnnmssem I"Kom acHi>ss inr iM'.ii; 

off the porches of the hotel to see all of this, and at 
night the lights of the hotel cast many a wcinl shadow 
on the floating, shifting chnids. All these mountains 
are full of interest connected with tlie early history 
of the nation. Within th 
hotel grounds is Carver's 



compared witli tlie other cities in the State. Situated 
among the foothills of the Great Smoky Mountains on 
the South, and the beautiful peaks of the Clinch on the 
north, with the valleys of the Nolachucky and Holston 
rivers lying between, it has an excellent natural posi- 
tion and scenery of unparalleled beauty and grandeur. 

As a commercial and manufacturing pomt, Greene- 
ville is the center of a circle whose radius of one hundred 
miles covers rich fields of coal, iron, marble, granite, 
slate, and virgin forests of oak and other timbers suitable 
for manufacturing purposes. 

On either side of the Southern Railway are rich 
valleys whose products are 
as different as the sea- 
sons themselves. On 



Gap. through which for years BL-, 




!■• 



''ifn.^ 



the wealth of the mines and 
the traffic of the Atlantic 
coast reached the lower Mis- 
sissippi valley. It was 
through this gap, wild, weird 
and gloomy, with its forest 
of beeches, twisted and be- 
witched with the storm and 
whirl of ages, that the fear- 
less men of the mountains 
marched to win the battle of 
King's Mountain, which was 

a factor in deciding the fate of the thirteen colonies 
and making us a nation. 

Eight miles from Johnson City, in the direction 
of Kno.Kville, is Junesboro, historically interesting 
because it was once the capital of the Territory of 
Franklin, as well as the site of the first white settle- 
ment west of the Blue Ridge Mountains. There 
are several old landmarks still remaining here, 
including the Planters' Hotel, where a grand recep- 
tion was tendered General Jackson upon his elec- 
tion to the Presidency. 

Greeneville, in east Tennessee, though a town 
of only 3,000 inhabitants, ranks seventh in point of im- 
portance as a commercial and manufacturing center as 





the slopes of the Great 
Smokies are orchards 
in which the fruits 
never fail, while the 
quality compares with 
those of more South- 
ern climes. Between 
these and the Nola- 
chucky are the bright 
tobacco fields where 
KN..,,\iiM. II n:. is produced the golden 

leaf that has made 
this section famous for wrappers and taken the first 
prizes at Cincinnati, New Orleans, Richmond, Nash- 
ville and other points of exhibit. Three large tobacco 
factories and warehouses are located in Greeneville, 
which not only manufacture large quantities, but export 
hundreds of thousands of pounds annually to Europe 
direct. Other manufacturing industries have prospered 
and find sale for their products from Maine to Mexico. 
The valleys of the Lick and Clinch, on the other side of 
the Southern, are entirely different, and are given to 
stock raising and production of all the cereals, as well as 
fruits and vegetables. It is also the center of a great 
poultry region, one firm alone in Greeneville. during the 
past year having paid out over $200,000 for poultry and 
eggs to .ship to Northern and Southern markets. 

Many tourists visit Greeneville because of its his- 
torical interest, it having been the home of President 
Andrew Johnson. There are still standing his residence 
and the tailor shop in wLiich he worked, while the monu- 
ment erected over his grave is viewed by almost every 
traveler that passes on the Southern Railway. 




town. Ten miles north of Morristown and at 
the southern base of Clinch Mountain, are the 
Tate Springs, a most attractive health re- 
sort and one of great popularity with 
people from all the Southern States who 
■-c familiar with its attractions. 
Several hundred guests spend 
each summer here and find 
deliL'"lit in fhe Duve 



Among educa- 
tional institutions may be 
mentioned Greeneville and Tus- 
culum College, co-educational, founded in 
1794; numerous public and private schools, and 
a colored college. 

Rogersville is situated on a branch of the 
Southern Railway, sixteen miles from the main 
line, between Greeneville and Morristown. It 
is a progressive town and something of an edu- 
cational center. The Synodical College, a female semi- 
nary, has two hundred students and eighteen teachers. 
Other institutions are the Swift Memorial College for 
colored students, and an academy. Eleven miles from 
Rogersville is Hale Springs, which enjoys considerable 
popularity as a health re.sort, and at which there is a 
good hotel. 

Morristown, a thriving city of 4,000 inhabitants, 
east of Knoxville, is situated on a plateau 1,400 feet 
above sea level, and is the junction of the 
Southern Railway's main line and Bris- 
tol branch. It is the county 
seat of Hamblen, one of 
the famous counties of the 
Tennessee Valley. Its 
central location in upper 
east Tennessee makes it 
a good trading point, 
■with ample railroad 
facilities. Morristown 
has two flouring mills, 
two tobacco factories, 
■woodworking shops 
and other industries. 
There are about a dozen 
churches, and a school 
building costing $22,000, 
besides a normal academy. 
A very desirable fruit- 
growing and general farm- 
ing district surrounds the 




liCj^ 




mountain air and lovely scenery, and health in the water 
of the springs. There is a hotel here which is admira- 
bly kept and modern in its appointments. 

Newport, east of Morristown, on the main line of 
the Southern Railway, has a population of about 2,000. 
It has a large tannery and several other industrial 
interests, and about t-wenty-five business houses It is 
surrounded by rich mineral lands and thick forests, for 
the most part undeveloped. 

The fine old town of Mossy Creek, with its 
■^. rich surrounding farms and its ener- 

getic population of 1,500, 
is on the Southern Rail- 
way twenty-eight miles 
east of Knoxville. It is a 
good trading point and has 
several industries. 

This entire section 

■ 'f Tennessee is rich in 

mineral, especially coal 

leposits, and there are 

umerous growing 

. '.vns rapidly building 

up a permanent prosperity 

founded upon them. 

Continuing southwest 
from Knoxville toward 
Chattanooga, the first im- 
portant place is Lenoir 
City, an industrial town, 
situated at the junction of 



the Tennessee and Little Tennessee rivers. Besides its 
desirable location for manufacturing, it is the natural 
center of one of the best agricultural districts in the 
region. Logs are brought down the Little Tennessee 
River from the Great Smoky Mountains, forty miles 
away, the river thus connecting Lenoir with the pri- 
meval forests of one of the greatest timber regions in 
America. The broad valley furnishes space for fac- 
tories and mills, while further back the plateau pro- 
vides a situation for pleasant homes, with a far- 
reaching view and the best sanitary conditions. 
Among the industries of Lenoir City are 
one of the best car-building 
factories south of the Ohio 
River; a knitting mill for 
the manufacture of seam- 
less hosiery; a car-wheel 
factory, saw and flour mills. 
There was said to be, at the 
close of iSgv, neither a va- 
cant dwelling nor an id; 
man in Lenoir. 

Just beyond Lenoir is 
Loudon, on the Tennessee 
River. It has a population 
of about 1,200, and main- 
tains a marble mill and a 
quarry, three saw mills and 
a mill for the manufacture 
of wooden novelties. It has 
several steamboat lines in 

the grain-carrying trade, and contains the largest grain 
storage warehouse in eastern Tennessee, having a ca- 
pacity of about 100,000 bags. There are several schools 
and six churches in this thriving town. 



water Military College and Sweetwater Seminary for 
young ladies, and a number of churches. 

Just half wav between Knoxville and Chattanooga is 



1 





TFNN^^^i 



Sweetwater, a few miles from Loudon, with a popu- 
lation of 2,000, contains woolen, knitting and tlour mills. 
There are two institutions of higher learning, Sweet- 



the city of Athens, with 
a population of 4,000. It is 
surrounded by as fine farming 
lands as there are in east Ten- 
nessee. Among its industries 
are two cotton mills, one 
woolen mill, several flouring 
mills and others. True to its 
classical name, Athens is a seat of education, the LT. S. 
Grant University, maintained by the Methodist Church 
North, being located here. 

Between Athens and Cleveland, and just where the 
Southern Railway crosses the pictur- 
esque Hiwassee River on a modern steel 
bridge, is Charleston, one of the largest 
poultry markets in the South, and also 
a grain center of importance, the grain 
coming down the Tennessee and Clinch 
livers for shipment over the Southern 
Railway at Charleston. 

Cleveland, the next place of im- 
portance, has a population of 4,500. It 
contains a woolen mill, a chair factory, 
marble works, a tannery, two planing 
mills and other manufacturing indus- 
tries. It has fourteen churches of differ- 
ent denominations. Centenary Female 
College and several other schools are 
located here. 

From Knoxville the Knoxville, 

Cumberland Gap & Louisville Railway 

runs almost due north sixty-nine miles 

to Middlesboro, Ky. , where extensive 

coal and iron mines are in operation, 

and where are located the Watts Steel 

and Iron Works, which are among the 

largest in this country. 

Jellico, at the terminus of a branch of the Southern 

Railway from Knoxville, is on the Kentucky line, and 

is the center of the famous Jellico coal fields and one 



12S 



of the most prosperous small towns in the South. About 
3.000 miners are now employed in the neighborhood, 



and almost 100 car loads of 
the most of it South, via 
The coal-mining investment 




coal are shipped daily, 
the Southern Railway, 
amounts to several rail- 
lions of dol- 
lars, and more 
than half a 
million is an- 



about it are some of the best-producing coal mines in 
east Tennessee. 

From Clinton on the Kno.wille-Jellico line a branch 
runs west to Harriman Junction, where direct connec- 
tion is made for Lexington, Louisville and Cincmnati, 
via the Cincinnati Southern, which runs from Cincinnati 
to Chattanooga, via Lexington, Ky. In iSSq the present 
site of the city was a farm, nothing more. To-day its 
population is 3.500. The town was the inception of a 
company, of wliich the late Gen. Clinton B. Fisk was 
president, and as he and others associated with him were 
devoted to the anti-saloon idea, this principle was incor- 
porated in all deeds for city lots by a proviso 
that in case the property was ever used 




nually paid out for labor. These coal deposits are inex- 
haustible, as the mountains for miles are filled with the 
"black diamond.?." Lumber abounds in the adjacent 



mountains, poplar, pine 
other valuable hard 
Jellico is well adapt 
growing of 



A 



white oak, hickory and many 
woods. The country around 
ed to the 
fruit and 
garden 




HOILL ANU SKi.\Al, SIAIION, ROAN M(,UNIAIN, lEN.S. 

truck. The population of Jellico is about 2,000. 

Another important coal town is Coal Creek, in Ander- 
son County. It is a prosperous place of 1,000 people, and 




for the sale or manufacture of intoxicating liquors it 
should revert to tlie land comjiany. 

The early growth of Harriman was one of the most 
remarkable ever known. City lots staked out in a corn- 
field sold for as much as $S,ooo within two days after 
the city plots were put on record. Within a year's time 
hundreds of stores and residences had been erected. 
To-day Harriman, which has successfully withstood 
many vicissitudes, is on a most healthy basis and is 
keeping in step with its sister cities in the march of 
prosperity. It has manufacturing interests of consider- 
able importance, good schools and churches, city water 
works, electric lights, well paved and sewered streets 
and a sterling class of citizens. 

Sixteen miles east of Harri- 
man, and thir- 
ty-five miles 
northwest of 
Knoxville, are 
the Oliver 
Springs, a 
noted health 
and pleasure 
resort, situated 
on the south- 
ern slopes of 
the Cumber- 
land range of 

mountains, in i'vjblic .school huii.di.s-g at greekkvilli;, tenn. 
a most picturesque and healthy region. There is an ex- 
cellent new hotel here witli accommodations for 150. 
and the springs furnish an abundance of health-giving 
water at a temperature of fifty-five degrees. Its cura- 
tive properties are well known, and the springs are 
largely patronized. 

From Knoxville there is a branch of the South- 
ern Railway running southeast to Mary§ville, an attract- 
ive place, where is located one of the most prosperous 
and progressive colleges in the State, and one which 
enjoys a large patronage. 




I2g 




From Chattanooga the 
Memphis division of the 
Southern Railway extends to 
Memphis, which 
is exactly 310 
miles due west. 
The line leaves 
Tennessee a few 
miles out of 

ANURKW JOHNSON MONi:MF.NT, GREENF.VI l.LE. TENN. ChattanOOtTa 

and, traversing the northern portion of Alabama, cuts 
across the northeastern corner of Mississippi and enters 
Tennessee again near Chewalla, passing through Grand 
Junction and Collierville and terminating at Memphis. 

Grand Junction is fifty-two miles east of Memphis, 
and is the commercial center of a populous and pros- 
perous farming region, which is characteristic in its 
general features of the western portion of Tennessee. 
The country is high and abundantly watered, and fruit- 
growing has assumed material proportions. The town 
itself has a population of about five hundred and is 
growing rapidl}'. There are nearby large deposits of 
potter's clay, of which immense amounts are shipped to 
New Orleans and other points, where it is made into 
sewer pipe. 

Somerville, the county seat of Fayette County, is 
the terminus of a short branch which leaves the Memphis 
division at Moscow. It is situated on the Loosa Hatchie 
River and enjoys a trade very much greater than that of 
the usual town of 2, 500 population. There is at Somer- 
ville one of the finest court houses in Tennessee, and in 
everv way the place shows progress. There are good 




ANOKEW JOHNSON'S lAILOK SHOI', G 1^,1 NE\ I M.E, TENN 

churclies and schools, and because of its altitude and 
pleasing features many people from Memphis spend the 
summer here. Its people are hospitable and progressive, 
and invite desirable settlers. 

Memphis is the county seat of Shelby County, and 
is the largest city of Tennessee, and also the largest on 
the Mississippi River between St. Louis, which is 379 
miles to the north by rail, and New Orleans, 396 miles 
.south. The county occupies the southwestern corner of 




m 



TATE SI'KINGS HOTEL, NEAR MORRISTOWN, TENN 

Tennessee, and is not only important commercially, but 
e.xceedingly interesting to archaeologists, who have made 
it the center of extensive investigations into the pre- 
historic mounds which are 1 found throughout 
this immediate section. The ,^k Wolf and Hatchie 
rivers wind through the f^^Bft county, merging 





130 



t^ .—^ 




1.7-i'J*.^ 


1 


■ 


^ 


■ 






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^ 


1 


! • ■ 


1 


.1 


,1^ 


J^^Si? 




lf^'t.^^Siij^M 


n 


1 


m 


^ 


i 



just before their confluence with " the Father of Waters," 
and upon the summit of one of the bold bluffs near the 
junction is an immense mound which has challenged the 
attention of students both from this and foreign coun- 
tries. The consensus of opinion is that a thousand or 



more years 
County 



ago the fertile fields and hills of Shelby 
were tilled bv an intelligent race, the 
monuments 
of whose 
occupancy 
are left in 
these silent 




subdued the red man and took pu^Ms^uiu di 
his territory. 

But it is of modern times and things 
rather than ancient that it is the object of the 
author to treat. The Memphis of to-day is 
one of the progressive commercial cities in 
which the South has great reason to take 
pride. It has a population of about 115,000. 
and is the largest hardwood market, and the 
second largest lumber market, in the world, 
there being over six hundred saw mills within 
a radius of one hundred and fifty miles of the 
city. Memphis is also the largest inland cotton 
market in the world, and handled last year 
considerably more than 500,000 bales, paying 
out therefor about $20,000 000. Of thirty-two 
crops of cotton grown between 1864 and iSg7, 
14,620,000 bales have been sold in the Mem- 
phis market, realizing a total of $825,000,000, or an 




I.LFX.Iv, MOSSY CKKI 



evidences of a forgotten people. In 1541 the intrepid 
De Soto and his adventurous band marched out of the 
dense forests to the east, and saw with rapture the 
broad river flowing at the foot of the yellow bluffs, for it 







CENTRNARV CO! 1 



was from the high bluff now occupied by the Jackson 
Mound Park at Memphis that the first white man gazed 
upon the Mississippi River. 

After the departure of De Soto, the Chickasaw 
Indians had undisputed sway over the region until 
1 679, when Marquette, the Jesuit priest, and Joliet, the 
Quebec trader, initiated the movement which ultimately 






^^ 





ATHENE. TfNN. 






.iSililinpi 

if 




^liiij 




MEMPHIS, TENN. 



annual average of 456,210 
bales, valued at $25,750,000. 
It also handled last year 
120,000 tons of cotton seed, 
worth nearly $1,000,000. 

Memphis is the fifth city 
in the United States in the 
wholesale grocery trade and 
the sixth in the boot and shoe 
trade. It has thirteen banks, 
with a capital and surplus of 
$7,000,000, and eight local 
fire insurance companies, 
with a capital of $1,250,000. 
The total business runs over 
a hundred millions per an- 
num, and is growing each 
year, and statistics covering 
the past ten years show the 
smallest percentage of fail- 
ures, to business done, of 
any city in the United States. 
There are about sixty -five 
miles of electric street roads, 
and almost as many of paved 
streets. In public buildings 
Memphis is especially for- 
tunate. It has a beautiful 

public library of modern architecture, a fine custom 
house, a large opera house and handsome theatre, a 




rut MUST LESSON 




cotton and merchants' exchange, modern ufhce buildings 
and a large number of fine schoolhouses 
and churches. In iSSo Memphis had 
less than 150 industrial establishments. 
In 1897 it had over 500, doing an ever- 
increasing volume of business. 

The city is a most attractive one 
in its aesthetic aspects. It is located 
upon the high land overlooking the Mis- 
sissippi, a broad esplanade along the 
bluff being built up with fine business 
structures. The streets are broad and 
regular, and the residences as a class 
show thee.Kcellent taste, refinement and 
wealth of the citizens. A fine park filled 
with beautiful old trees occupies a cen- 
tral location. There is a magnificent 
new bridge across the Mississippi ;f 



Memphis, and opposite the city is the St. Francis River 
basin, which extends sixty miles to the south. The South- 
ern Railway's through trunk line system gives Memphis 
fine tran,sportation facilities to leading eastern centers, 
including the ports of Bnmswick, Ga., and Norfolk, Va. 
A survey that has of necessity been suggestive 
rather than exhaustive of what Tennessee has been and 
is to-day points to larger development and grander 
achievement in the to-morrows of the coming century. 
Tennessee swings forward in the orbit of opportunity, 
bright star in the. constellation of States that she is, to 
the glorious zenith of her destiny. She has everything 
to make her a vast empire of wealth. She is improving 
all and neglecting none of the opportunities with which 
a generous Nature has endowed her. The record she 
lias made has been an illustrious one, and her future is 
resplendent in all the prophecies that foretell wealth, 
culture and refinement. 




Ot-'TH IMITSBURG. IfcNN 




ON THE MlSSISSin-l RI\ER AT MEMPHIS 




1 .o 





TRADITION tells us that a wayworn Indian warrior had turned 
his face and steps westward to seek a more quiet abode in the 
far-off land tow-ard the setting' sun. He eame at length to the 
fertile lands and clear streams of Alabama. Charmed by the scenery, 
the blooming valleys, the limpid streams, the boundless plains, on 
reaching the banks of the beautiful Alabama River he struck his spear 
into the earth, saying, "Alabama — Here We Rest." 

Out of the midst of this tradition there looms the truth of Alabama's 
greatness, her inexhaustible resources of soil and mine, of fields and 
forests, balmy climate, her wonderful healthfulness and her beauty. 

It is a reasonable assertion tiiat Alabama's 52,000 square miles of 
territory, with the combined wealth of agricultural, timber and mineral 
resources, are not surpassed by any similar area of the earth's surface. 
If the same thing were said with equal truthl'ulness of some spot in 
Africa or Asia it would rightly attract scarce a passing notice from the 
American settler or the American investor. For him the statement 
would Irave no practical bearing. 

But when this is truthfully said of one of our own States, and when 
it is further added that the development of these resources is in active 
progress and has proceeded far enough to prove their utility^ as profit- 
earning properties, the point is made, and tlie invitation to the investor 
and the intending settler commands attention. 

The only natural resource in Alabama whose development has any 
advantage that might come from age is agriculture, and even in that, 
aside from cotton and corn culture, the capabilities of the soil and 
climate are only now coming to be fairly utilized. All sections of the 
State produce cotton and corn as the staple crops. The middle portion 
is peculiarly adapted to cotton ; the northern districts, embracing the 
mountains and the Tennessee and Coosa valleys, do particularly well 
with the grains and grasses; while the pine region along the Gulf 
coast has demonstrated its capacity in the production of the fruits and 
vegetables. 

Notwithstanding this varied fitness for the production of every crop 
that grows in the temperate latitudes, until recently almost the entire 
agricultural population devoted itself mainly to raising the million bales 
of cotton that supplies to them a revenue approximating the lai'ge sum 
of thirty million dollars in ca.sh. This devotion to a single crop was the 
result rather of habit. Wherever it has been abandoned and attention 
given to varied crops, the result has been a growing prosperity, im- 
proving farms and»(lourishing market towns. 

The man who intends to emigrate may have no wish to come South 
and raise cotton, but it is a fact that here in the heart of the cotton 
country is an almost virgin field for growing fruits, vegetables and 
small crops, with markets ready at hand or within profitable distance. 
Nor is there any element of experiment or adventure in such entc-'-- •■■ 



135 



,.IW 





VAPITOI- OF AI.AriAMA 



The object lessons are numerous now. and a movement 
has ah'eady begun toward Alabama which is based not 
on what may be done, but on what has been accom- 
plished. Every neighborhood has its several farmers 
who are prospering by varied and intensive cultivation. 
Every section of the State 
has its colonics or settle- 
ments that have proved the 
soil and climate leave noth- 
ing to be desired by the 
small farmer. 

Alabama offers excep- 
tional inducements to the 
immigrant, whether he be 
laborer or capitalist. Her 
laws are liberal, her soil 
fertile, her inhabitants hos- 
pitable, her climate admira- 
ble, her mineral wealth un- 
surpassed, her industrial 
growth assured, her educa- 
tional facilities good, with 
all the accessories to prog- 
ress and prosperity. With- 
in the past three or four 
years thousands of emi- 
grants from the North and 
West have found homes in 
Alabama, where they are 
prospering. Alabama re- 
ceives all home-seekers 
with open arms, and vouch- 
safes for them ample re- 
ward for honest effort. 
Time was when Alabama' .s 
motto, " Here we rest," was 
most applicable, but it is 
not so now. The dozens 
of cotton mills, the scores 
of furnaces, rolling mills, 
foundries, shops and fac- ■*'' '■ ' ' 

tories of various descriptions would belie the state- 
ment. The establishment of industrial plants, the in- 
crease in commerce, the growth of the old towns and 
the building of new ones, the introduction of modern 
methods in agriculture, tell the tale of Alabama's progress 
and ]>rosperity. Her population has increased at a rapid 




rate, and now numbers nearly 2,000,000 souls, whereas 
in iSgo, according to the Government census, it was only 
a little over 1,500,000. 

Alabama ranks among the first of the States of the 
Union in the number, extent and value of her magnificent 
water lines. Every section and nearly everjf county of 
the State is watered and affords commercial facilities by 
some one or more of its splendid navigable rivers, the 
Alabama, Coosa, Tallapoosa, Warrior, Cahaba, Bigbee, 
and the Tennessee, the liquid arteries of the common- 
wealth, fed by innumerable creeks, all fruitful in power 
to convert the raw produce into articles of merchandise. 
The mountain region of the State, across which, both 
from north to south and from east to west, the lines of 
the Southern Railway run, has some peculiar advantages 
and attractions of its own. The climate lacks the heat 
associated with the word South, and from which many 
citizens of colder latitudes shrink. The great staple, 
cotton, flourishes side by side with wheat growing to 
perfection, while cattle farms rivaling any on the conti- 
nent demonstrate its qualities as a grass-grower. It is a 

fact that an Alabama cow 

holds the world's butter rec- 
cord, on a test running over 
a year. 

Flourishing orchards 
and nurseries tell their own 
story to the eye. The new 
and growing colony of 
Fruithurst speaks for the 
hill country — a colony of 
scarce two 3^ears, already 
grown to the dignity of an 
incorporated city. The 
dairy farms of Calhoun and 
adjoining counties have a 
wide reputation, while mar- 
ket gardening grows apace 
around the manufacturing 
centers like Anni.ston and 
Birmingham. 

But after all, the chief 
and most real advantage 
enjoyed by this mountain 
country lies in the prox- 
imity of its farms to the 
great mineral deposits, 
whose development is rap- 
idly building up consuming 
centers and gathering a 
mining pojiulation which 
affords the farmer an ever- 
increasing market for all 
he has to sell. 

If the tourist in Alabama 
wishes to see the finest 
■ ■ ■ belt of corn and cotton land 

in the State, and certainly the equal of any in the coun- 
try, he will find it along the Southern Railway's lines 
between the cities of Selma and Demopolis. This is 
the region where the old plantation system reached its 
largest and richest development, and where the soil has 
remained almost unimpaired through all these years of 



136 



cultivation. Here, too, the modern plan of smaller farms 
and more varied products is making headwaj', and the 
people are on the alert to seek and welcome the immi- 
grant, with his thrifty ways and modern ideas. 

The geographical area of Alabama comprises more 
than 32,000,000 acres. Of this great territory less than 
one-third is under cultivation. Nearly two-fifths is still 
covered by the native forest growths. Over 15,000,000 
acres of timbered lands serve the double purpose of pre- 
serving the healthfulness of the inhabitants and the 
equability of temperature and rainfall. These forests con- 
tain large and valuable supplies of cedar, oak. cypress. 



the Rocky Mountains, while its export forms a most 
lucrative share of the business of Mobile, Savannah, 
Brunswick and Pensacola. The yellow pine and the 
hardwoods mentioned above are a storehouse of well- 
nigh inexhaustible supply for the arts of manufac- 
ture as they develop. Already the hardwoods are ex- 
tensively utilized in manufactures of various kinds, from 
axe helves to carriages, while the cypress of the lower 
end of the State is the basis of a shingle trade of very 
large proportions. Its value can be seen from the fol- 
lowing statement: In iSSo the value of the planed and 
sawed timber of the State was $2,811,534; in iSgo it had 




poplar, ash 
hickory and gum, _ 
all of which are 
being c 
quantities that 
make impor- • ^ 
tant contribu- 
tions to com- 
merce and the 
wealth of the State 
But by far the 



increased to 

$0,364,283. The 

tigures for 

i Sg7, while 

ot at hand, 

, : e known to 

much in ex- 

,,.<s of those 

for iSgo. 

this wealth of 

agricultural and 



SOMK or IHK M.VM;l-AtTUKlNC ES T ABLISU M KNTS O I-' 1IIKM 



most important and extensive growth for supplying the 
present demand is the long leaf yellow pine. The supply 
now standing is computed with care and trustworthiness 
at more than thirteen billion feet, cord measure, which, 
at the present enormous annual cut, will last the life- 
time of most men now living, even were there no re- 
newal upon the denuded land. Alabama pine is staple 
in nearly every market for building material east of 



timber resource Alabama adds a mineral wealth greater 
than that possessed by any State of the Union, and in 
the development of her mineral riches seems to lie a 
future of material progress beyond the prophecy of even 
her own most enthusiastic citizens. It is a twice-told 
tale to the least informed of American readers to relate 
that the Alabama coal fields cover an area of 8,660 
square miles; that the known workable seams will supply 



137 



100. ooo tons a day for i, 144 years. 
That her red iron ores crop out 
on the surface in a ledge twenty 
feet thick, and, taken with her de- 
posits of the hner brown ore, are, 
with the surface hardly out of 
sight, sufficient to supply her fur- 
naces for 500 years. That this 
coal and ore lies within a few 
miles of immeasurable beds cf 



/ 1 





limestone and dolomite. That .yold has been mined 
in a haphazard way for fifty years, and is in paying 
quantities, and is now entered at last on an era of 
practical and businesslike development. That a speci- 
men of her marble sent to the Washington Monu- 
ment as a contribution from Alabama was rejected as 
being Parian palmed off on the committee, until proof 
was forthcoming of its nativity among the Alabama 
hilLs. That the finest deposits of bauxite on the conti- 
nent are within her borders. That her clays reach up 
in quality to the finest kaolin, and her building stones 
have stood the test of years. That in the production of 
pig iron the State stands fourth in the Union, third in 
production of iron ore, and fifth in amount of coal mined. 

This is but the partial story of what Nature has done, 
and it is worthy of more than passing remark that the 
several railroads now constituting the system known as 
the Southern Railway were originally constructed witli 
an eye single to the development of these great mineral 
deposits, and to-day traverse the heart of the coal fields, 
the iron, gold and stone territory, and wherever else the 
minerals are worth the application of capital and labor. 

The mere existence of this natural wealth is not half 
so interesting or important as the fact that its develop- 
ment has already gone far enough to demonstrate that 
the working of these minerals is a profitable business. 
Practically this development began about the year iSSo, 
and everything mined and everything made had need to 
fight for markets already preempted by products of 
established reputation and prepared with immense capi- 
tal to maintain their advantage. To recount the prog- 
ress made in these seventeen years is easy as romancing. 
But the struggle in its details was, to the men engaged, 
one of weary ups and downs, of hopes and losses, and 
yet of ever-growing gain and promise. Here are some 
salient facts : 

In iSSo Alaljama produced 380,000 tons of coal from 



a few small mines. In 1897 
she produced 5,642,502 tons 
from 78 mines. 

In 1S80 the production of 
coke was6o,78i tons. In 1897 
it was 1,250,475 tons, made 
from 5,658 ovens. 

In 1880 the ore mined 
was 171,136 tons. In 1897 it 
was 2,483,064. 

In 1 8S0 the production of 
pig iron was 68,925 tons. In 
1897 it was 912,157. 

In 18S0 the market was 
local and uncertain and hard 
to find. Now Alabama coal 
supplies the bulk of consump- 
tion in nearly a half dozen 
States on the South Atlantic 
and the Gulf, goes by large 
contracts to the railroads of 
Mexico, runs engines in the 
ports of foreign countries, 
and through the Southern 
' Railway's direct lines of rail 
and barges is driving Penn- 
sylvania from its long monopoly of the great Mississippi. 
Alabama's coal area is divided locally into three 
fields, named from the rivers which drain them, the 
Cahaba, the Coosa and the Warrior. The last named 
is by far the largest, containing 7,Sio of the 8,660 square 
miles underlaid by the coal measures. The Cahaba field 





contains 435 square miles, and the Coosa 415 square 
miles. The greatest developments up to date have been 
made in the Warrior and Cahaba fields, very little work 
having been done in the Coosa field, although it contains 
a number of thick seams of fine quality. 

Iron finds a market in every consuming center from 
Boston to Chicago, and is made into steel at Pittsburg 
by the Carnegie and other great producers of the steel 



138 





^ 



BIRD'S-EYE VIEW 01- ANNISTON, ALA 



metropolis of the countrj'. Not satisfied with meeting 
every demand as to quality and underselling every com- 
petitor in all the markets of America, the Alabama iron 
makers have invaded Europe, and from April i, 1S96, to 
November i, 1S97, exported to England and the Continent 
over 200.000 tons of iron. The cost of this iron at the 
furnace in Alabama is about $6 per ton lower 
than anywhere else in the world. 

This is not all, nor the best part of 
the story. Alabama is not merely a 
seller of the raw material, such as 
cotton, coal and iron in the pig. 
Her iron pipe and foundry in- 
dustries have grown to immense 
proportions and she is an active 
and earnest competitor in all ": 
the markets of the world for 
the sale of such products. « 
Her iron foundries send 
engines and boilers and 
sundry articles throughout 
the South, furnish the ma- 
chinery for the ponderous 
sugar mills of Louisiana, 
and are creating markets 
for themselves through- 
out every portion of the 
world. 

Alabama's latest move- 
ment forward is the manu- 
facture of her own iron into 
the best open hearth basic 
steel at a price and on a 
scale that has made an in- 
stant commercial success ,. 
and foreshadows as wide a 
market for her steel as for the 
raw pig. This is rightly taken 
to mark an epoch in the history 
of the State, and of the South as 
well. Not an epoch merely in 
the way of material progress, but 
in her social and intellectual de- 
velopment. The progress that 
it assures, the wealth production 












that it ushers in, will not fail to impress and modify the 
life of the people in the profoundest and most tar-reach- 
ing way, hastening the change already begun whereby 
the population is being turned from the simpler methods 
of agriculture to the more varied and intense and en- 
terprising activities of manufacture. The most impor- 
tant step to the front Alabama has ever made 
was accomplished during the summer of 
the past year by the Birmingham 
Rolling Mill Co., which put into 
operation its first furnace, with a 
capacity of sixty tons a day, and 
scored a success from the 
initial run. Another furnace 
of the same capacity is already 
built and in operation, the 
two making a mere begin- 
ning of the steel era now 
happily inaugurated. 

Perhaps the best idea 
of the magnitude to which 
the mining and iron-making 
industry has reached in 
.\labama, an industry still 
in its infancy and with op- 
])ortunities still oi)eQ quite 
equal to any yet seized 
upon, may be had from 
some figures of the Ten- 
nessee Coal, Iron and Rail- 
road Co. , whose head ofiice 
IS in Birmingham, and 
whose properties and opera- 
tions in this State are as 
follows: Acreage of coal 
and ore lands, 240,807. 
I )aily capacity of present coal 
mines, 14.600 tons. Cokeovens. 
2.642, with a daily capacity of 
4,255 tons. Iron mines. 21, with 
a daily capacity of 7.000 tons. 
Iron furnaces, 11, with a daily 
capacity of 2. 250 tons. 

Next in importance to the 
manufacture of iron and steel 





comes that of cotton, in which Alabama has done lier 
part of that remarkable development in the South of 
recent years. In one respect the spinning of cotton is of 
more importance to the people of Alabama as a whole 
than any other field of enterprise open to them. It can 
be prosecuted m every part of the State with the raw 
material at the factory door, and as successfully in one 
locality as another. 

In 1S90 there were in the State thirteen cotton mil!.>; 
operating 79,234 spindles and 1,692 looms. In 1S97 there 
were fifty mills, 350.000 spindles and 7,500100ms, consum- 
ing about 100.000 bales of cotton annually. Cotton man- 
ufacturing has always been profitable in Alabama, when 
conducted on business principles, and. indeed, there is no 
reason wliy it should not be. Here the mills are in the 
midst of one of the greatest cotton belts of the world, 
where the staple of the very finest quality can be secured 
with practically no freight charges, for it is grown 
almost at the mill doors. Steam coal is laid down at 
the mill at from seventy cents to one dollar per ton, 
whereas in no other cotton State can it be had for any- 
thing like these figures. The railroad facilities are equal 
to those enjoyed by any other State. That cotton manu- 
facturers have at last recognized the advantages of the 
Birmingham district for their line is shown by the build- 
ing of two immense mills near Birmingham during the 
present year, both of which will be ready to go into 
operation by the end of the year. These two mills rep- 
resent an investment of $1,000,000 and have over 60,000 
spindles and i.goo looms. 

As a matter of fact, cotton spinning is being success- 
fully carried on in every section of Alabama, and the 
increase of mills keeps pace with the building of new iron 
works and the opening of fresh mines. It is a fact of 
significance that, along the entire great mileage of the 
Southern Railway, the industry stands out conspicu- 
ously as having been in practically every instance highly 
successful and profitable. The attractions of cotton 
mill investments in Alabama need no better illustration 
than the success of the New Englanders who have just 
started a $500,000 mill in successful operation at Alabama 



City, near Gadsden, their experience being 
such that a company of Boston mill men 
are following their example and are now 
erecting a 25,000 spindle mill at Cordova, 
in the heart of the Walker County coal 
fields. A $100,000 mill is one of the new 
industries at Selma, and a$i5o,ooomill has 
just gone into operation at Montgomery. 

There is a thrill of industrial activity 
throughout the State. Industries built as 
accessories to land booms in the specula- 
tive era of i5S8 are being reorganized and 
put into operation as practical business en- 
terprises. This is notable at Sheffield and 
Decatur and Anniston. There is effort 
everywhere, the spirit to try, and the spirit 
is the prelude to busy action. 

The agricultural, lumber, mining and 
manufacturing development of Alabama 
within twenty years presupposes several 
conditions about which the investor as well 
as the emigrant is wont, and very properly, 
to inquire closely. Progress of this sort must be accom- 
panied by steadily increasing transportation facilities. 
Accordingly we find in Alabama 3,624 miles of the best- 
equipped railroad lines, the track of the Southern Rail- 
way alone in this State being 67; miles. Four important 




ANNISTON. 



new roads and branches are being constructed, and are 
adding about 500 miles to the track already laid. Every 
portion of the State is now in close connection with the 
balance of the world, and every road is steadily increasing 
its traffic and improving its equipment and service. 



t40 



Industrial success is accompanied, too, with those 
institutions which make material progress round and 
complete^ — well-organized churches and schools and be- 
nevolent societies, and a public sentiment that works 
for moral and intellectual advancement. On education 
the State spends some $700,000 per annum, and the cities 
and towns almost as much. Alabama's State Univer- 
sity at Tuscaloosa is well endowed and splendidly 
equipped; and besides there arc the Agricultural and 
Mechanical College, the State Polytechnic In- 
stitute at Auburn; the Industrial School for 
white girls at Montevallo, with 400 students; 
an agricultural school m each congressional 
district; five normal schools; three colleges 
for negroes, at all of which agriculture and 
the mechanical arts are a large feature of 
the course, all doing good educational work. 
Nothing could better illustrate how fulK- 
abreast Alabama is with the times than the 
fine equipment and successful conduct of her 
school for the deaf, dumb and blind, where 
these unfortunates are taught at the State's 
expense all that modern science and art per- 
mits them to know. The public schools of the 
cities are as good as can be foimd in other 
cities of the country with similar population. Those of 

Birmingham, 
Mobile and 
Montgomery 
are especially 
fine, Birming- 
ham's school 
system receiv- 
ing the highest 
award at the 



Atlanta E.xposition in 1S95. All political parties in Ala- 
bama recognize the importance of education, and planks 
favoring the maintenance of the schools are embodied 
in all their platforms. Besides what the State dop= '"r 
education, the churches and the private school- 
master are successfully ;'^ - n-'- '" "" ''^^ 
State institutions the 
advanced position of 
the public policy is 





INIVtKSlTY OK Al.AHA.MA, .\ T Tl SCALOOSA 

shown by the co-education of the sexes. Alabama afford- 
ing to her girls every facility that she gives to her boys. 
No reference to education in Alabama would be com- 
plete without reference to the important work being 
accomplished by President Booker T. Washington at 
the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, of which 
he is the moving and controlling spirit. This institu- 
tion may well be termed the most successful of any in 
this country designed for the education of the colored 
vouth. It was organized by President Washington, 
himself a colored man, and a leader of his race, in 
iSSi ; to-day it owns property valued at $290,000, which 
includes 2,267 acres of land, upon which have been 
erected by the handicraft and labor of the students 
themselves 42 buildings. It has 1,073 students and 86 
instructors, who teach 26 different industries, and every 
year young men and young women are sent out, who, 
with their intellectual and industrial training, are willing 
to go among the ignorant of their people and labor, even 
though the compensation is hardly sufficient to supply 
the ordinary needs of the teacher. 

After all is said, the spirit that is abroad among the 
people themselves, the spirit that appreciates the wealth 
of Nature and the need for effort on the part of man ; the 
spirit to work and to do its best, is more significant and 
important in the long run than anything proved by 



Tts< Ai ons^, AI.^ 




4* »^ ,(. ftftf - " I il 



existing facts and statistics. No one thing is so pregnant 
witti hope and confidence in the material and industrial 
future of Alabama as the successful and continuous 
maintenance in all her cities and larger towns of com- 
mercial clubs or societies or associations. The incidental 
and secondary function of these clubs is to collect facts, 
issue pamphlets of advertisement, and to entertain the 
stranger. Their real and supreme function is to supply 
the people with a point of vantage where they can unite 
their forces and render effective the energies that scattered 
would be like dissolving air clouds. 

The Southern Railway, which is taking such an 
active and prominent part in the development of Ala- 
bama, has four distinct lines which cross the entire State. 
Two of these enter the State in its extreme northeast 
corner, near Chattanooga, Tenn. One, the Memphis 
division, dips down into Alabama from Tennessee, 
traverses the width of the Slate near its northern 
boundary, passes into Mississijipi and then turns into 
Tennessee, terminating at Memphis on the Mississippi 
River. This division passes around the base of Lookout 
Mountain and through Stevenson, Scotisboro, Hunts- 
ville, Decatur. Courtland, Tuscumbia, from which a 
branch line runs to Florence, and Riverton, Ala., luka 
and Corinth, Miss., and Middleton, Grand Junction and 
Collierville, Tenn. 

The other line of the Southern Railway 
system, entering Alabama at its north- 
east corner, is known as the Alabama 
Great Southern Railroad. Between 
Chattanooga and Alabama it cuts 
across the very northwest corner of 
I Georgia, entering Alabama at James, 
crosses the State line at Kewanee 




and continues to Meridian, Miss., 379 miles southwest 
of Chattanooga 

This line passes through Fort Payne, and intersects 
the line from Rome, Ga. , at Attalla. Between this point 
and its terminus at Meridian it passes through Wood- 
stock, Tuscaloosa, Akron, Eutaw, Livingston, York and 
other prosperous towns, intersecting the main east and 
west line at Birmingham. 

Another division of the Southern, with the same 
terminals, Rome, Ga. , and Meridian, Miss., crosses Ala- 
bama diagonally, intersecting the main east and west line 
at Anniston, sixty-four miles east of Birmingham. This 
line passes through 
Cave Spring, Te- 
cum.seh, Pied- 
mont, Jack 
s o n v i 1 1 e , 
Anniston 
Oxanna 
Oxford, 
Colum- 
biana 





Childersburg, Shelby Springs, Caleva, Montevallo, Brier- 
field, Maplesville, Selma, Marion Junction, Uniontown, 
Demopolis and York, Ala. The main east and west 
Ime enters the State at Mu.scadine, passes through 
Fruithurst, Edwardsville, Iron City, Oxford, Ox- 
anna, Anniston, Lincoln, Riverside, Pell City, Cook 
Springs, Henry Ellen, Birmingham, Coalburg, 
Brookside, Cardiff, Cordova, Patton Junction, 
Corona, Bankston. Fayette, and Millport, where it 
leaves Alabama, continuing across the State of 
Mississippi to Greenville, an enterprising city on the 
Mississippi River. 

In addition to these various main stems, there 
are numerous branches reaching many important 
towns. Together they afford the State of Alabama 
a most perfect railroad system, by which there are 



SF.l.MA, ALA. 



trunk line outlets both for passenger and freight traffic- 
to the chief centers north, east, south and west. 

Birmingham from the very beginning of the present 
industrial life of Alabama has taken the lead and main- 
tained it. Within an incredibly short time after its 
prospects and advantages became known, the old hills of 
Jefferson County were teeming with a thrifty, hustling 
population. Birmingham, as if by magic, and from an 
old, abandoned field in the early '70s, soon grew to 
be the leading city in Alabama, and one of the chief 
centers of the industrial South. The population of 
Birmingham in iSSo was less than 3,000, in 1S90 this had 
increased to 30,000, and in iSyy to 50,000. The first pig 
iron furnace in the district was blown-in in 18S0, and 
to-day there are twelve of enormous capacity in blast, 
among the most extensive and successful being the 
Sloss, Tennessee, AVoodward, Thomas and others. Early 
in the '90s a large number of coal mines were opened, 
from which are now being taken thousands of tons of 
coal daih'. Birmingham is the center of a great indus- 
trial hive, and her growth during the past decade has 
been the wonder of the times. 

In 1870 the output of pig iron in 
Alabama was 6,250 tons, in 
1880 it was 62,336 tons, and 
in 1S97 912,157 tons. Dur- 
ing this time foundries 
and machine shops, 
boiler and engine 
works, factories and 
mills sprang into ex- 
istence all over the 
State, providing em- 








ployment to thousands of laborers and mechanics. In 
Birmingham alone there are now not less than twenty- 
five foundries and machine shops, besides numerous 
rolling mills, steel mills, cotton mills, one of which has 
30,000 spindles and Soo looms; pipe works, car wheel 
works, cotton gin and press factories and other indus- 
trial plants, numbering in all over 200. These give em- 
ployment to 12,000 people, and payout over $5oo,<x>o in 
wages monthly. 

Within the past fifteen months an 
export business in pig iron has been es- 
tablished, and is now assuming gratifying 
proportions. The first foreign shipments 
were made about the ist of July, 1S96, 
and by the end of the year had aggre- 
gated over 75,000 tons. From January i 
to December 31, iSgy, the foreign sales 
amounted to about 200.000 tons. This 
does not include shipments made by 
brokers in Kew York and elsewhere, 
but merely sales by the furnace com- 
panies direct. 

In 1S95 the Tennessee Coal, Iron & 
Railroad Company began making basic 
•on, low in silicon and adapted to steel- 
making, for which the)^ foimd ready sale 
in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Illinois, where 
it was converted into steel, and by some 
used in making armor plate. Encouraged by 
the success Northern mills had in converting 
Ibis iron into steel, the Birmingham Rolling JMill 
Company decided to put in a steel plant in con- 
nection with their rolling mill, and on the 22d of 
July, 1897, made their first run. They have since 
been running regularly, and have doubled their 
capacity. The steel has stood every test required 
to secure for it entrance into the markets of the 
countrv. 



TALLAL>t,(.A. AI.A. 



The banks of Birmingham have a capital of $1,865, - 
000, and carry deposits aggregating $3,250,000, with 
annual clearances of about $20,000,000. The aggregate 




«. - 



INLU'Sl KIAl. SCHOOL, 




volume of the city's business last 
year was $60,000,000, and the assessed 
value of real estate and personal 
property a little over $16,000,000, or 
about sixty per cent, of the 
actual value. 

The city has over eight) 
churches of various denomina- 
tions, and a public school sys- 
tem in which the citizens have 

just reason to take the greatest pride, for at the Atlanta 
Exposition it was awarded first honors. The schools 
have an enrollment of over 6,000, and an average 
annual attendance of 5,000. School property is valued 
at $250,000, and $50,000 is spent each year in maintain- 
ing the schools. In addition to the public schools 
there are a number of other educational institutions 
of high order in and near the city, among which may 
be mentioned Howard College, East Lake Atheneum, 
Pollock-Stephens Institute, South Highlands Academy, 
Taylor's High School, Birmingham Medical College, 
Birmingham Dental College, Birmingham Art School, 
Birmingham Conservatory of Music and two business 
colleges. The Methodist and Cumberland Presbyterian 
denominations have established colleges in the western 
part of the city that will be open for the reception of 
pupils the coming season. 

The water supply is ample for a city of several 
times its population, the storage capacity of the water 
works company's reservoir being 128,760,000 gallons, 
and the daily pumping capacity 22,500,000 gallons. 

Birmingham's building record for 1S97 is a good one, 
surpassing that of any year in the past six or seven. 
There were issued about 200 building permits for busi- 
ness houses and residences alone, and in the erection of 
these nearly $300000 was expended. Add to this 
$500,000 put into buildings for manufacturing purpo.ses, 
and the grand total for new buildings in Birmingham for 
iSyy is over $800,000. 

There are in Birmingham proper and its suburbs 
thirteen public parks, which add materially to the beauty 
and attractiveness of the city, and nearly one hundred 
miles of street and suburban car lines operated by 






electricity or steam. Six railroads center here. The 
altitude of Birmingham, which varies from 602 to 940 
feet above sea level, and the remarkably fine surface 
drainage, added to the excellent sanitation by modern 
sewers, makes the city one of the healthiest in the South, 
the death rate being but 9.6. 

Anniston is (me of the flourishing new cities of the 
South. Its manufactures comprise car works, foundries, 
ice factory, saw mills and almost every variety of plant 
usuall)^ found in a city of its size, including one of the 
most extensive establishments in the country for the 
casting of car wheels. 

The chief resources upon which the city was founded 
and built are coal, iron, lime, wood and cotton. It is 
located in the center of the brown 
hematite iron ore district of Ala- 
bama, and this iron has become 
celebrated through its adapta- 
bility for the manufacture of car 
wheels and axles, and these 
have stood a higher test than 
those made in any other part 
of the United States. Build- 
ing material is cheap, and 
buildings can be constructed 
for one-third less than the 
same would cost in New 
England. 

The healthfulness of An- 
niston is based upon its hav- 
ing an altitude of Soo feet above the sea level ; its 
being in a mountainous region, removed from any local 
or nearby influences calculated to produce ill health ; 
furnished with a bountiful supply of the purest spring 
water, which is distributed throughout the city through 
an excellent modern water system; a complete modern 
system of sewerage, which conveys the sewage of the 
city into a large stream four miles distant, and with the 





grades of the streets of such nature as to perfectly drain 
the city of all surface w-ater within a very short time 
after the heaviest rainfalls. 

The city has a well-equipped fire department, which 
is active and prompt in the performance of duty, and 



144 



an excellent electric system, which lights the city and 
supplies power for the street railways. Anniston is sur- 
rounded by a country noted for its fertile and productive 
valleys, furnishing a supply of vegetables, fruits, meats, 
poultry and dairy products at very low prices. The 
city has a society that is elevating and refining in its 
influences, and twenty-five houses of worship of large 
capacity and beauty of structure. 

The growth of Anniston has been one of the marvels 
of the recent past. In iSSo the census gave her 942, in 
1890, 9,998, and to-day she has 15,000. 

North of Anniston twelve miles is Jacksonville, Ala., 
upon the line of the Southern Railway running from 
Rome, Ga., to Meridian, Miss. It is a very attractive 
place and the center of a surrounding .section rich in 
minerals and agriculture. 

Oxford has a population of about 2,000, and does a 
considerable amount of business in buff brick, tile and 
stoneware manufacture. It is but three miles from 
Anniston, with which it is connected by two railroads. 
There are several large cotton warehouses here and a 
number of other prominent mercantile establishments. 

Selma, one of the most progressive and prominent 
of Alabama's sisterhood of cities, lies about ninety miles 
south of Birmingham, fifty west of Montgomery, and 
one hundred and sixty north of Mobile, and is the 
metropolis of the great section of rich black soil region 



of Alabama known as the "Black Belt." It is the 
capital of Dallas County, which is in itself larger in 
area than the State of Rhode Island, and its location on 
the top of a high bluff overlooking the noble Alabama 








PRINTUP HOUSE, GADSDEN, ALA. 

River gives it a most commanding position. The sec- 
tion about Selma was for many years one of the richest 
in the entire South, and upon it were located many of 
the most famous plantations of bygone days, around 
which there clustered the romance and chivalry of the 
highest type of Southern life. These 'great estates are 
now divided into smaller farms, and are being intelli- 
gently tilled by agriculturists of the modern type. 

Selma's modern life partakes largely of industrial 
features, because it has become a considerable manu- 
facturing center. One of its cotton mills turns out 
40,000 yards of cloth daily as the product of its 20,000 
spindles and 650 looms. It has also several large iron 
works, immense cotton-seed oil mills, and a score of miscel- 
laneous manufacturing establishments. The Southern 
Railway shops, employing several hundred men and 
covering fifteen acres, are one of its chief industries. 

The city of Selma is most attractive, as well as pro- 
gressive. Its streets are well paved and charmingly 
shaded. Its municipal officers have installed a most 
excellent and modern system of sewerage, and every 
attention is given to all that makes for the welfare of its 
15,000 inhabitants. The churches and public schools 
are handsome structures, and the moral tone of the city 
is of the highest. The Y. M. C. A. building is one of 
the best in the South, built by voluntary contributions 
of the citizens. The Alabama River, which furnishes 
the finest of water transportation to the Gulf at Mobile, 
is spanned at Selma by a modern iron bridge. 

Between Selma and Meridian, Miss., are the pros- 
perous towns of Marion, Uniontown, Faunsdale and 
Demopolis, eacli possessing features of note, and be- 
tween Marion Junction and Akron is the brisk town of 
Greensboro. Akron is one of Alabama's coming manu- 
facturing towns, giving promise of a bright future and 
enjoying at the present time a large business. 

Many interesting and thrilling reminiscences, 
legendary and historic, cluster around the grand old 
Indian Tuscaloosa. Far away back in the shadowy 
past, when red men roamed the virgin forest hereabout, 
a powerful Indian tribe swayed the scepter of barbaric 



NEAR GADSDEN, At. A 





■Sii«> 



authority over a large stretch of territory in middle Ala- 
bama, and "Tuscaloosa" was the proud name they bore. 

When De Soto approached the Alabama River in 
1540, on his return march in search of " Eldorado," he 
encountered this nation of savages, and found ruling 
over it a fearless and haughty giant named Tuscaloosa — 
the same chief whom he treacherously carried away as a 
hostage, and the same who barely escaped with his life 
when the warriors of his kingdom were all 
slain by the Spaniards in the bloody 
battle of Manville (Mobile). From 
the tribe to the chief, from the 
chief to the town and from 
the town to the river passed 
the historic and poetic 
name Tuscaloosa. 

The Indian town ; 
"Tuscaloosa" is shown 
on a French map of Louisi- 
ana published in 1720, and 
its location corresponds 
with the present site of the 
modern and busy city. 

Tuscaloosa was incorporated 
on the 13th of December, 1819, by 
an act of the State Legislature. The same 
year Alabama was admitted into the Union 
of States. The State capital was moved from Cahaba 
here in 1S26, and from here to Montgomery in 1S45. 

In the olden times Tuscaloosa was the home of many 
of the wealthiest families in the State, the tnajority of 
whom drew their revenues from cane-brake and Warrior 
River plantations. The grand old residences, the charm- 
ing flower yards, and the stately oak trees and shady 
streets then made Tuscaloosa, as they do now, one of 
the most beautiful cities of the South. 

Modern Tuscaloosa has a population of 6,000, and 
with the suburbs of Northport, University and Asylum 
about 10,000, but her natural advantages are without 
limit, and her business opportunities metropolitan. Her 
society is hospitable, cultured and refined, and her edu- 
cational facilities exceptionallj' excellent. There are 
located here two excellent female colleges, an academy 
for boys, and good public schools. The city has an 
electric light plant, four cotton mills, two planing mills, 
three banks, a handsome city building, a modern sewer- 
age system, two good hotels and fine churches. The 
United States Government spends annually from S30.000 
to SioO|Ooo in the improvement of the Warrior River, 
which flows by the city. 




riEDMONT, ALA. 



In the suburbs of Tuscaloosa are the State Insane 
Asylum and the State University. The campus of the 
latter institution is perhaps the most beautiful in the 
South. It comprises about forty acres of land, in the 
form of a square, and is almost as level as a table. Set 
well to the rear are four large buildings so arranged as 
to C(mstitute the university quadrangle. The main 
avenue leads south from the front of the quadrangle, 
directly toward the president's mansion, which is across 
Lfniversity Avenue, a beautiful drive from the city of 
Tuscaloosa. 

Established in the early thirties, the history of the 
university is in large measure the history of the State. 
Many of the leading citizens of the State are its alumni. 
Nor is its influence confined to Alabama. The institution 
has furnished many distinguished men to other States in 
all walks of life. The land of the university site is about 
300 acres, the same being valued at $30,000. The build- 
ings, of which there are seven, are valued at $300,000, 
while the libraries, cabinets, apparatus, etc , are valued 
at $50,000, a grand total of $380,000. The university 
owns 35,000 acres of the best coal lands in the 
State, worth at present prices about 
$350,000, but these lands are 
rapidly increasing in value, so 
that the productive value 
within the next few years 
will be at least $500,000. 
There are two gen- 
eral departments of in- 
struction, viz., academic 
department and depart- 
ment of professional edu- 
cation. The academic 
department embraces four 
courses, leading to as many 
degrees, which are, bachelors in 
mining, and in civil engineering, 
science and arts. In the professional 
line, the university has a law department in 
Tuscaloosa, and a medical department in Mobile. Taken 
as a whole the university is one of the best-equipped 
institutions in the entire South. 

Fruithurst is situated on the lino of the Southern 
Railway, in Cleburne County, in the northeasteiTi portion 
of the State, 73 miles west of Atlanta, Ga., and 93 miles 
east of Birmingham, Ala. 




II.I.K SPRINGS, ALA. 



146 




In the spring 
of 1S95 the city 
was started by 
the Alabama Fruit 
Growing & Winery 
Association, who 
purchased 20,000 
acres of fruit lands 
and located in the 
center the city of 
Fruithurst. There 
has been literally 
hewed out of the 
woods at this point 
in two years and 
a half an incor- 
porated city of 800 
people, with 1 50 
houses, stores, a 
hotel, free school, 

and the Fruithurst Inn, costing $40,000. Upward of 
2,000 acres have been planted to grape vines, over 8,000 
acres sold, and a total of nearly $600,000 in actual cash 
expended in improvements. 

The station of the Southern Railway is located at the 
foot of Central Avenue, with the Fruithurst Inn at the 
head of the avenue, a quarter of a mile away. Surround- 
ing the station, fifty acres are devoted to experimental 
gardens, orchards and vineyards, in which every variety 
of fruit is planted. 

The grape-growing industry of Fruithurst has made 
the town a very prosperous one. 

Large quantities of table grapes will from this time 
on be shipped from Fruithurst to Northern markets, and 
probably from 50.000 to 100,000 gallons of wine manu- 
factured. 

The plan of the Fruithurst Company is to a large 
extent co-operative, it selling its lands in ten-acre tracts 
with two acres of each tract planted, caring for the vine- 
yards of such purchasers as do not locate, and buying the 
crop when the vineyards are in bearing. 

This is pre-eminently a grape-growing section, about 
5,000 acres being already planted to grapes within a 
radius of ten miles of Fruithurst. 

The elevation 

being from 1,000 to 
1 , 200 feet above sea 
level, the location is 
remarkably health- 
ful, with pure, rari- 
fied atmosphere, 
freestone water, 
perfect natural 
drainage, and from 
a climatic stand- 
l>oint it cannot be 
excelled. 

Talladega, the 
county seat of Tal- 
ladega County, is 
located in the hea 
of the county, t\\ u 
miles from the 




Ntream bearing its 
name, and is in 
-■very respect wor- 
liy to be the cen- 
ter of the county 
so richly endowed 
by Nature. The 
name is an Indian 
corruption of the 
Spanish "Terre 
Dciga," or bor- 
derland, and the 
beautiful spring, 
gushing forth its 
hundred gallons 
per minute, and 
located in the 
heart of the town, 
has for a hundred 
years been the 
meeting place for the red races of the west and the 
pale faces of the east; historically, it is famous in many 
respects, and is specially so as being the famous site of 
the battle of Talladega, fuught between Jack.son's forces 
and the Indians during the Creek wars. At present it is 
a modern city of six thousand energetic people, its archi- 
tecture is substantial and rich, both in its business 
blocks and its beautiful homes. Railroads, car shops, 
cotton mills, foundries, all give it the hum of industry 
so musical to the industrious ear, while extensive 
business houses, equipped with all modern conven- 
iences, make its world of commerce reliable and suc- 
cessful. Agriculturally, industrially, financially, morally 
and intellectually she is the pride of her people. 

The city has many churches and a model public 
school sy.stem, extensive car shops, a successful cotton 
mill, modern water works, utilizing the waters of the 
great spring, and many industrial establishments, in- 
cluding immense iron works and a finely equipped coke 
furnace. 

She has valleys all about her filled with improved 
farms, yielding produce enough to supply a place of 
a hundred thousand busy manufactures. She has as 
pure water, as delightful a climate and as healthy 

people as there are 
in the State. 

There are lo- 
cated here the 
State Blind Asy- 
lum, the Talladega 
Mditary Academy, 
the State Deaf and 
1 Hmib Asylum, the 
State Asylum for 
tile Colored Blind. 
the College for the 
Ixlucation of the 
I'olored, the State 
Asylum for the 
olored Deaf and 
mmb, the Pres- 
vterian Dadies' 
(•minary of the 




jrTKN MILLS, MLNTSVILLL, Al 



South. The city has a highly intelligent people, liberal 
and progressive, who welcome this class from the wide 
world over. 

Talladega County is located in the northeast central 
part of Alabama, at the southern extremity of the famous 
Blue Ridge Mountains, and is moderately hilly, one or 
two beautiful mountains reaching 1,400 feet in height. 
These are timbered to the top with magnificent yellow 
pine and oak, and many of them are solid piles of iron of 
the richest quality. Between them are numerous fertile 
valleys, Talladega Valley extending the length of the 
county, or about thirty-five miles, and being from five to 
ten miles in width. The average elevation of the county 
is about seven hundred feet above the sea. Innumerable 
springs of living water put forth from the mountains — 
water as pure as Nature can make it, while the odor of 
sweet pine forests, refreshing mountain breezes, health- 
giving sunshine and abundant rain every month in the 
year make the country a natural sanitarium. Indus- 
trially, with iron and marble and slate at hand in vast 
quantities, the county has only begun to develop. One 
furnace plant, the Clifton Iron Company's property, has 
an investment of $250,000 
and turns out twenty tons 
of car-wheel iron per day, 
another, the Jenifer Iron 
Co, almost equaling it, 
while the plant at Talla- 
dega has a capacity of one 
hundred and twenty tons 
of iron per day, and cost 
nearly half a million dollars 
to build. 

Between Talladega and 
Montevallo are the pro- 
gressive towns of Childers- 
burg, Columbiana and 
Calera, each making rapid 
strides in commercial life 
and having individual ad- 
vantages of note. 

Montevallo, the location of the Girls' Industrial 
and Normal College, is a small but beautiful village 
of nearly a thousand inhabitants. It is situated on the 
Southern Railway, and is the center of valuable coal 
fields, is easy of access, and noted for its health, refine- 



ment and religious influences. The school, 
which is not only the pride of the town but of 
the State, was located here on January i, 1S96. 
The act creating it was passed by the legis- 
lature of Alabama at the session of 1S90. The 
school opened its doors for the reception of 
pupils on October 12, iSg6, and enrolled during 
the first session 226 girls, who came from all 
portions of the State. 

It has an able corps of instructors, number- 
ing twenty persons. It is under the manage- 
ment and control of the board of trustees, with 
his Excellency the Governor of the State as 
ex-officio chairman. The object of the college 
is to give girls an opportunity not only to 
secure a first-class literary education, but to fit 
themselves for the vocations of life open to 
women, and to thus become self-sustaining should they 
be thrown on their own resources. 

The location of the city of Marion, which has a 
population of 2,000, is exceedingly advantageous. It 
is in the center of a high, rolling country, and so 
decided are the hills that many cross streets cannot be 
far extended. Thus situated, Marion is free from 
malarial influences, and its health record is unsur- 
passed by any place in the State. It has been for nearly 
half a century one of the leading educational centers in 
the South. Here are located the Judson Female Institute 
and the Marion Female Seminary, colleges for young 
ladies, of highest grade. The former is a Baptist insti- 
tution and was founded sixty years ago, and for all these 
years it has enjoyed continuous prosperity, and has been 
one of the leading factors in the civilization of the South. 
Among the points of importance on the Southern 
Railway between Birmingham and the western line of 
the State are Cordova, Corona and Fayette. At the 
former a million-dollar cotton mill, one of the finest in 
the South, has just been completed. The town has a 
large trade and is a prominent center. 

Attala is located about 
midway between the cities of 
Chattanooga and Birmingham. 
Two fertile valleys of fifty 
to sixty miles long debouch at 
this point, pouring a store of 
agricultural plenty into, the 




148 



town, and from Lookout Mountain on one side 
and Sand Mountain on the other, coal and 
several superior iron ores are mined in 
abundance, making this section second 
in mining in the State to Bir- 
mingham district. The pojiu- 
lation of the town is con- 
servatively estimated at 
1, 800. Among its indus- 
tries are an iron fur- 
nace, a large foundry 
and machine shop, and 
an extensive iron ore 
mining plant, one cotton 
gin, one cotton mill, and 
three distilleries. There 
is a graded system of 
free public schools, of 
large attendance, and 
four churches. An elec- 
tric light plant is owned and 
operated by the city. The fine 
system of water works has been ' 

established at a cost of $50,000. 

There is a back country of thirty 
miles, on which everything grows ex- 
cept some tropical fruits. Cotton, corn, 
wheat and oats are the staple products, 
and from the Sand Mountain district come 
potatoes, peaches, apples, grapes and water- 
melons of the greatest perfection. 

Gadsden is the county seat of Etowah County, in 
northeastern Alabama, ninety-two miles south of Chat- 
tanooga and fifty-two miles west of Rome, Ga. It is 
located in the fertile Coosa River Valley, and its environ- 
ments are picturesquely beautiful and attractive. It is 
in the heart of the mineral belt of Alabama, and has 
vast ore deposits almost at the city's limits. The city 
has a large trade in cotton, handling about 20,000 bales 
a year, and its cotton mill 
operates 30,000 spindles and 
1,000 looms, employing 600 
hands. There are other ex- 
tensive manufacturing in- 
terests at Gadsden, and 
much enterprise among her 
6,000 citizens. The Coosa 
River, which is navigable 
for 150 miles, has been 
greatly improved by the 
Government, and fine locks 
have been built at Gads- 
den. The city has a num- 
ber of handsome residences 
and many evidences of 
thrift. There are many 
churches, and excellent schools, including the Mount 
Lookout Institute for young ladies. 

Piedmont, in Calhoun County, is nearly midway 
between Rome, Ga. , and Anniston, and pretty nearly 
equidistant from Chattanooga, Tenn., Atlanta, Ga., and 
Birmingham, Ala. Its site is just where the Terrapin 
and Nancy's Creek valleys cross the geological trough 






known in this State as the Coosa Val- 
ley. This valley, from five to thirty 
miles wide, is a continuation of the 
Tennessee and Virginia valleys which 
lie between the ridges of the great 
. Appalachian chain of mountains, 
which extends parallel 
with the seacoast north- 
east into New England, 
and it is in no respect less 
fertile, picturesque and 
attractive than the most 
productive of the family 
and succession of valleys 
of which it forms so im- 
portant a part. At this 
Cross Plains (which was 
the original and most 
descriptive name of the 
town) is a great area of 
gently undulating lands, 
lying between 700 and 800 
feet above the sea level, 
through which flow many 
bold streams, on which 
there are extensive forests 
of varied woods, and 
numerous open farms, and 
around which are tree-clad 
■^" "' mountains whose altitude 

above tidewater varies from 1,200 to 2,200 feet. 

The Coosa \'alley was the last of their possessions 
east of the Mississippi that was surrendered by the semi- 
civilized Creeks and Cherokces in 1S36; and it was 
quickly occupied by intelligent and thrifty farmers from 
North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia, generally men 
of some means, who brought with them, in addition to 
horses, kine, swine and agricultural implements, pleasure 
carriages, pianos, paintings and books. In 1S4S Major 

J. K. Dailey came from 
North Carolina and erected 
a residence and storehouse 
on the site of the present 
town. Cross Plains, as it 
was then called, grew 
slowly, and in iSSg its 
population was something 
over 300. In January, 1S90, 
a land and improvement 
company was formed to 
develop and build it up; 
and with the new Pied- 
mont there came an era of 
real prosperity. 

Fort Payne is the 
county seat of DeKalb 
County, and has numerous enterprises in which it takes 
just pride. It is one of the towns which suffered most 
severely from the collapse of the boom a half dozen 
years ago, but its material interests are so great that it 
has rallied, and gives promise of a prosperous future. 

Piedmont is in the midst of numerous and rich brown 
iron ore beds, which lie in all directions around it. Some 






' j^ 



n 



THE COURT HOUSE SQUARE, MONTGOMERY, ALA. 



MO 



of these beds have been mined for years, and ores from 
them are regularly shipped to Anniston, Birmingham 
and Chattanooga. It is claimed that within twenty-five 
miles of Piedmont there is a greater quantity of brown 
ores than in the same area elsewhere in the world. It is 
only thirty miles by railroad to the Coosa coal field, from 
which are taken good grate, steam and coking coals. 
Large quantities of bauxite have been mined within a 
few miles and shipped. Limestone is abundant and 
good. There are some extensive deposits of silica in the 
neighborhood, while clay for brick is abundant. 
There is a cotton mill with 15,000 spindles at 
Piedmont, two cotton ginneries and several 
wood-working establishments. The city has 
good churches and schools, water works, elec- 
tric light ;)lant, etc. The Cumberland Presby- 
terian Synodical College is located here and 
has many students. 

Stevenson is the first place of importance 
on the Memphis division of the Southern Rail- 
wa)^ west of Chattanooga, and is situated in the northern 
part of Alabama, near the Tennessee state line. It has a 
population a little less than 1,000, and several cotton gins 
and smaller factories. There are enormous coal fields 
and timber interests near the town which are being 
rapidly developed. 

The city of Huntsville, on the Memphis division of 
the Southern Railway, has for many years been the 
center of a most delightful region. It is the oldest 
English-settled town in the State and the county seat of 
the oldest county. In 1S03 all the ter- 
ritory between the Chattahoochee and 
Mississippi rivers was ceded by the 
State of Georgia to the United States, 
with the agreement that every six- 
teenth section should be devoted to 
education. Out of this region the 
State of Alabama was organized, and 



costing over $100,000. The city is 
situated on an undulating table 
land, 672 feet above sea level, 
which stretches from the State 
line on the north to the g^eat 
bend of the noble Tennessee 





in iSiQ Huntsville was 
made the State capital, 
the verj' lot upon which 
the old capitol stood being 
now occupied by a hand- 
some government building 



COURT HOUSE, MONTGOMERY, ALA. 

River, where it breaks through the Cumberland chain of 
mountains at Guntersville, on the south. Almost ad- 
joining the city is Monte Sano, whose summit is ap- 
proached by fine roads commanding most beautiful 
views of the surrounding mountain ranges and lovely 
intervening valleys. There is one of the finest natural 
springs in Huntsville to be found in the United States, 
and it supplies the city with water. Three and a half 
miles from the city, and over 1.700 feet above sea level, 
upon Monte Sano, is a de- 
lightful hotel, which enjoys a 
most excellent reputation as 
an all-the-year-round resort. 
Huntsville is a leading edu- 
cational center, and its popu- 
lation of 13,000 is progressive 
and prosperous. There are 
located here three cotton 
mills, employing 800 hands, 
and one of the largest cotton- 
seed oil mills in the State. 
It also has numerous other 
industrial establishments, in- 
cluding several fur- 
' niture and wood- 
working factories 

Uecatur is one of 
the chief towns of 
Morgan County, Ala- 
bama, which is so 
fertile and so well 
adapted to agricul- 
tural pursuits that it 
' has earned the soubri- 
(juet of the "Clover 
County." The Mem- 
phis division of the 
-southern Railway 
rosses the Tennes- 
see River at this pomt 
upon a handsome iron 
bridge. The city in 



i8S7 had 1,200 inhabitants, and to-day has S.ooo, and 
has progressed with wonderful rapidity in every feature. 
It is one of the cities which may be referred to with 
pride as an illustration of the substantial development 
of the South. And it has grown, not from artiiicial 
booming, but because it had the substantial elements 
from which to make a prosperous city, and, what is 




E SOTO FAI-L-S. NFAR M F_N-TOXi:, ALA. 



equally important, the citizens took advantage of them. 
Among the industries of Decatur are the Oak Extract 
works and tanneries, employing 650 men and paying out 
$20,000 a month for material and labor; large foundry 
and machine works, a compress works, enormous car 
building and repair shops, and various other enterprises. 
The city has a $300,000 water w-orks system, electric light 
plant and street railways, fine stores, handsome resi- 
dences and several excellent hotels. There are fourteen 
churches and several well-equipped schoolhouses. 

The country round about Decatur is a garden spot of 
rare beauty and fertility, and the noble Tennessee River, 
the sixth largest in the United Stales, serves a good 
purpose by bringing the products of the valley from both 
directions to the markets at Decatur. 

Sheffield has had as remarkable a growth as any 
town in America. Its history runs back only to 18S4, 
when its site was chosen by a company of enterprising 
and far-seeing men and the work of development begun. 
The city is beautifully located upon a broad plateau, 
stretching back from the crown of the bluffs, which here 
overlook the Tennessee River from a height of 150 feet. 
It occupies a superb site, and seems to have been espe- 
cially designed by Providence as the location of a great 
business center. Business blocks have been erected, 
and colossal manufacturing enterprises, unequaled in 
any city of its size in the United States, have been 
carried to completion. Its five immense blast furnaces 
have a capacity of 700 tons of pig iron daily, and create 
in themselves a volume of business that would do credit 
to cities many times larger than Sheffield. The quality 
of iron produced is unsurpassed by similar plants in the 
United States. There are al.so a large number of mis- 
cellaneous industrial plants located at Sheffield, and the 
city offers most excellent opportunities for the establish- 
ment of manufacturing plants in almost every line. 
The city is lighted by electricity, is supplied with water 
by a complete water works system, and has a fine tele- 
phone system with adjacent towns. The common scliool 



system of the county is good, and Sheffield and Tuscum- 
bia, its neighbor, are provided with educational advan- 
tages that are exceptional. Almost all of the religious 
denominations have active organizations in the county. 

Florence is on the north side of the Tennessee 
River, in Lauderdale County, of which it is the county 
seat, and is connected with the Memphis division of 
the Southern Railway at Tuscumbia by a branch road 
six miles in length, which passes through Sheffield. It 
has a population of 7,000 and is growing rapidly. One of 
the State normal colleges is located here, and in addition 
there are good public and three private schools. It is a 
manufacturing center of considerable importance, the 
industrial establishments including an extensive wagon 
works, cotton mills, stove works, shoe factory, etc. The 
city has good water and gas works and a paid fire depart- 
ment. There is a fine iron bridge here across the 
Tennessee, and excellent iron bridges span the numerous 
streams of the county. 

Tuscumbia is the center of a large trading district, 
and is a city of 3,000 inhabitants. Its principal interests 
are merchandising, and its citizens are progressive and 
enterprising. Like its neighboring cities, it has good 
schools and churches. 

In a bend of the Alabama River, on a circle of hills 
bordered on all sides by rich farming lands, sits Mont- 
gomery, the capital of Alabama. 

The visitor to this beautiful city will first be attracted 
by its miles of well-paved streets, its smooth stone side- 
walks, covering the main business and residence portions 
of the city, and showing the cleanliness of a progressive, 
healthy city. The wide streets, the splendid system of 
underground sewers, and the unusual natural drainage all 
combine in making it one of the healthiest cities in the 




THF FAMOtS RAV SHELL ROAD, .MOBILE, A 



country. The average mean temperature for the yciris 
(i(>'/2 degrees. Here is a table showing the average tem- 
perature for each month in the year: 

January 48 July 83 

February .5:i Aujjust 81 

Marcli .58 September 76 

April 0(J October 67 

May 73 November 56 

June 80 December 50 



151 



There are three distinct kinds of lands around Mont- 
gomery — the black lands, particularly suited to the growth 
of corn and cotton ; the red lands, suited to the raising 
of vegetables and fruits, and the pine lands, which are 
the cheapest lands of the section. 




Jt: 




AKOUNn ABOUT 



Montgomery is favorably situated for manufactur- 
ers, the immense timber regions of South Alabama skirt- 
ing her borders on one side, while the vast coal and iron 
regions of North Alabama supply cheap raw material 
on the other side. This gives her factories cheap fuel 
and iron. In ad'iition to cheap coal, cheap iron, cheap 
cotton, cheap and intelligent labor, there are low taxes 



and fair laws. The State, county and municipal tax 
amounts to two and one-eighth on a three-fourths valua- 
tion of property, and there are no vexatious laws. 
Montgomery has seven lines of railway. In addition, 
the Alabama River is an artery of trav'el to Mobile. 
The city has a population of over 40,000, an assessed 
valuation of $21,052,798 in the county, two electric car 
systems, is abundantly supplied with deep artesian water, 
a fine system of electric lights, and has fifty churches of 
every denomination and creed, both white and colored, 
a splendid system of public schools, beautiful shaded 
streets, and a people who will cordially welcome the visi- 
tor and the home-seeker. 

The city of Mobile is situated at the mouth of the 
Mobile River, just at the point where it empties into the 
beautiful land-locked bay of the same name. It is Ala- 
bama's only seaport, and its location at the outlet of a 
river system aggregating more than a thousand miles of 
inland navigation gives it a commercial position of the 
greatest value and iinportance. Mobile ranks second 
only to New Orleans among the Gulf ports. 

Mobile has long been the natural trading center for a 
large expanse of domestic territory, and can now lay 
claim to a rapidly expanding trade with Mexico, Central 
and South America, and the West India Islands. It 
has a ])opulation of about 45,000. The city is laid out 
regularly, and most of the residence streets are hixu- 
riously shaded. The city sits upon a roiling sandy plain, 
backed on the west by high hills, filled with springs, 
from which Mobile's splendid water supply is taken. 

Mobile city and county have one of the best public 
school systems in the South. There are twenty-seven 
schools within the city limits, including the Barton 
Academy, where most of the young people finish what- 
ever education they acquire in school. The schools are 
provided equally, both in number and style, for white 
and colored pupils. The private schools are numerous. 
The Medical College of Alabama is a State institution. 
It has a large attendance from all parts of the South. 
The parochial schools of the Catholic parish are well 
managed and successful. The Academy of the Visita- 
tion is a girl.s' school of extensive reputation. The same 
division of faith maintains at Spring Hill the flourishing 
college of St. Joseph, tinder the management of the 
Jesuit Fathers, and is now erecting by private endow- 
ment an academic school for boys in the central part of 
the city. Mobile's religious facilities are of the best. It is 
the seat of the Episcopal Bishop of Alabama and of the 
Catholic Bishop of Mobile. The Catholic Cathedral is 
the most imposing of the forty church edifices in the city. 

Visitors to Mobile will find excellent drives in the 
vicinity of the city, extending in almost every direction, 
of which the favorite and most attractive is the Bay 
Shell Road, constructed along the western edge of 
Mobile Bav. This road is shelled and kept in fine con- 
dition, and is shaded by magnificent magnolia, bay, 
gum, live-oak and many other trees peculiar to the 
South, from whose branches the beautiful gray moss 
hangs in festoons, and the yellow jasmine in .spring 
floods the air with its delightful fragrance. Most of the 
suburban and rural roads in the neighborhood of INIobile 
afford fine driveways or paths for the bicyclist or 
pedestrian. 



152 










^:M 



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FROM the days, over a century ago, when the hunter's rifle first 
startled the timid deer feeding by her rivers, up to the pres- 
ent, Kentucky has been a veritable horn of plenty. The 
lapsing years, of course, have seen a change in the kind of abun- 
dance but never in the degree. Instead of the roving game that gave 
meat in plenty to her pioneers, there are now herds and flocks 
and the sleek thoroughbred, the finest the world has seen. The 
nuts and fruits of the forest have been supplanted, or rather sup- 
plemented, for they are still plentiful, by the rich harvests of fields 
and the mellow bounty of orchards. Kentucky has ever been a 
synonym of plenty; her progress it may be truly said has rhythm 
to the music of the harvest song. 

To the early settlers coming over the mountains from the east- 
ern colonies, she lay across the track of their tired feet an oasis 
of hope and richness. Canaan could not have seemed fairer to the 
eyes of Caleb than did her verdant stretches of forest and valley 
to the wistful gaze of these travel-worn pioneers. A glance told 
them they had indeed reached a " promised land '' and they eagerly 
possessed themselves of it. 

Their settlement created a union of complements. It was a 
coming together of fertility and productive power. For ages pos- 
sibly Kentucky had lain hidden in her rich soil and had slept be- 
neath her shining rivers, waiting to become actual Kentucky under 
the transforming hand of man. This human element in just the 
right fiber and temper came with the first settlers. What has 
since been wrought all the world knows. Forests have become 
farms, Indian camping grounds cities, and a wilderness has been 
changed into a commonwealth. 

In 1798 the first trails were being blazed through her forests; in 
1898 3,046 miles of railways gridiron the State, bearing the commerce 
of 2,000,000 people. This commerce has grown to a vast aggre- 
gate, having an annual value of hundreds of millions of dollars. In 
its component parts are included every crop raised in America, prod- 
ucts of the mine, forest and factory, and blooded stock from scores 
of farms. In the production and manufacture of tobacco and 
whiskey Kentucky leads the Union as she does in thoroughbreds. 
In every branch of industry and production the State's history for 
a century shows a reliable return can be looked for from efl^ort and 
investment. This assurance of results is the fact to which Ken- 
tucky proudly points as her warrant for her invitation to all who 
desire a sure return from capital or labor. That her invitation is 
hearty no one will doubt, for Kentucky's hospitality is proverbial. 

But the State's fame rests not alone on her record of progress, 
notable as that has been. It rests quite as much on the men and 
women who have had the privilege, for as such they have always 
and evers'where esteemed it, of calling themselves Kentuckians. 



153 



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This State that has been so productive in )uiman and 
material forces has an area of 40,000 square miles, or 
25,600,000 acres, stretching from east to west nearly 500 
miles. The surface is a broken plain, sloping generally 
northwest from the Cumberland Mountains on the south- 
east to the Mississippi River on the west. Flowing on 
and within her borders Kentucky has 2,000 miles of 
navigable rivers. The Ohio is the trunk line of this great 
waterway system, making with its 653 miles of windings 
the State's northern boundary. Flowing into it are the 
Big Sandy, Licking. Kentucky, Salt River, Tradewater, 
Green, Cumberland and Tennessee. Emjitying into 
these rivers are many smaller ones, the whole making a 
network of waterways, which is one of the State's most 
valuable natural assets. 

The fertile land drained by the.se beautiful streams 
has a soil which is remarkable for its recuperative power. 
Much of it has been cultivated for many years, but it 
continues as rich as the virgin sod. The most exhaustive 
cultivation does not wear it out, as is the case in many 
agricultural regions. This fact, which is tlie real secret 
of Kentucky's boundless fertility, is due to the continual 
decomposition of limestone which underlies much of the 
State. Ponce de Leon searched in vain for a fountain of 
youth, but the soil of the Kentucky farmer has found it 
in the hidden depths of the earth. Little wonder is it 
that to such soil the blue grass is native, springing from 
it spontaneously, and that in it is grown every agricul- 
tural staple of the temperate zone. Wheat of une.\celled 
quality for milling purposes is raised in quantity far in 
excess of the State's need, and corn grows on the rich 
alluvial bottom lands taller and larger than in any other 
part of the Union. The season for corn is so long that 
the crop may be planted as late as the middle of June 
and still reach yellow maturity before frost. Winter 
killing of wheat is rarely known, as the climate is mild 
and equable. Vegetables of every variety grow abund- 
antly, and the central location of the State and its ex- 
excellent railway connections with 
Northern markets have in recent 
years caused ])r<>filable attention 
to be ])aid to truck farming. 

In the jiroduction of tobacco 
Kentucky leads all tile other 



States. The quality is so high that it fixes the stand- 
ard in many kinds. Her Burley tobacco is so much 
superior to that grown elsewhere that the State has a 
virtual monopoly of this staple. As indicating the profits 
of tobacco culture, crops frequently average from 1,200 
to 1,500 pounds to the acre, and the choicest leaf fre- 
quently sells at $30 per 100 pounds. Besides the Burley 
the dark or heavy types are largely grown. These do 
not command so high a price as the former, but as their 
yield is larger their production proves quite as profitable 
to the grower. 

Kentucky leads the Union also in the production of 
whiske)', having just completed her first century in its 
manufacture. The beginning of the industry was the 
direct result of the whiskey war in Pennsylvania in 1798. 
At its close there was an exodus of distillers over the 
mountains to the wilds of Kentucky. The first distillery 
was built in what is now Mason County, but when the 
State was organized it was a part of Bourbon County, 
hence the name given the product to distinguish it from 
the eastern brand, which was distilled from rye. 

It is interesting to note, in this period of general 
currency discussion, that in the early days whiskey was 
the principal medium of exchange in Kentucky. It 
possessed the currency requisites of improving with age, 
of ready divisibility and of portability, to say nothing of 
the fact that it was in great demand. 

As indicating to what dimensions the industry has 
grown, the General Government receives in revenue alone 




^ " A MOIMAINKKKS home 






"€m^ 




L0L1SV11.LE, I- 



about $25,000,000 annually on 
the Kentucky product. 
Measured in money it is 
the leading industry in 
the State, and pays out 
every year millions of 
dollars for corn, rye and 
malt, in addition to the 
enormous amounts to 
labor. On May i, 1S9S, 
there were in the distilleries 
and bonded warehouses of the 
State 76,509421 gallons of 
whiskey. For the fi.scal year 
ending June 30, 1897, the pro- 
duction of bourbon and rye 
whiskey was 17,470,887 gallons. 

The thoroughbred is the third 
m the triumvirate of products in 
which Kentucky leads the Union. 
The Kentucky horse is invincible. 
It is claimed that there is some subti 
quality in the climate of Kentucky and 
some peculiar nutrient in the grasses 
raised in her limestone pastures that 
unite in producing the perfect horse. 
Be that as it may, the fact is fully es- 
tablished that the blooded horses of 
the "Blue Grass State" excel those 
raised elsewhere in speed, endurance 
and beauty. 

Mules are also raised in large numbers, especially for 
supplying the cotton and sugar districts of the Southern 
States, and to call a mule a Kentucky mule has always 
added several dollars to its value. 

Another branch of the live stock industry which 
is highly profitable is feeding cattle for the European 
trade. These cattle, called "export cattle," are as fine 
beeves as are produced anywhere in the world. 

Sheep raising is also followed profitably and every 
vear more widely, particularly among the smaller 
farmers. 

Fruit growing has claimed much attention in recent 
years. At the World's Fair in Chicago, Kentucky 
peaches were awarded the first place on account of their 
delicious flavor and rich coloring. In several counties 
peach raising has been entered upon extensively and the 
profitable results have become an incentive to peach 
culture in many other parts of the State. 

When the pioneers entered Kentucky, with their 
axes they literally hewed out a commonwealth. The 
fertile farms which their sturdy work cleared lessened, 
of course, the area of the forest lands, but Kentucky 
to-day is by no means a treeless plain. Indeed, the State 
is well timbered, and every species of tree known to her 
latitude is found in abundance. The raw material is 
thus offered for a large wood manufacturing industry. 
At present the value of timber floated to market in rafts 
and shipped by rail represents many millions of dollars 
annually. 

The State's mineral resources include coal, iron, zinc, 
vast beds of onyx, clays for the manufacture of all grades 
of pottery, and valuable quarries of sandstone and lime- 



stone. The output of coal in 
1897 was 3,200.000 tons, only 
one other Southern State 
and four in the entire 
country producing a 
greater amount. Much 
of the bituminous coal of 
the State is of a superior 
quality for coking pur- 
])Oses, the production of 
coke for 1S97 reaching 30,- 
000 tons. 
I In manufactures the State 

is on the threshold of a splen- 
did period of development. 
Much has already been done in 
many lines, but when the possi- 
bilities are considered it seems only 
a beginning. With coal to feed the 
fires of her factories, with her hills 
yielding the best qualities of iron 
ores, with forests growing timber for 
every variety of wood-working, with 
her production of one-quarter of the 
world's supply of tobacco, and with a 
splendid system of waterways and 
railways for transporting the abun- 
j dant raw materials to factories and 
their finished product to market, 
Kentucky possesses every essential 
to industrial greatness. 
But this greatness is by no means only in prospect; 
much of it, in fact, in the manufacturing of furniture and 
agricultural implements, a large industry, is already 
thriving. In the manufacture of tobacco and cigars the 
State is fast coming to the position to which her primacy 
in the production of raw material entitles her. As has 
already been stated, she now leads in the production of 
whiskey. There are in the State several large cotton 
and woolen mills whose success clearly indicates what 
may be expected in the development of this line of 
manufactures. 

But Kentucky has not allowed herself to become 
engrossed with the creation of wealth to the exclusion of 
the cultivation of the mind. She is generous in her pro- 
vision for schools. In 1S97 she was providing instruction 
for 736, log of her children, for which she was paying over 
$3,000,000. On teachers' salaries alone the sum reached 
the large total of $2,500,000. At the head of the school 
system is her State University at Lexington, with which 
the graded schools are federated. There are also many 
other institutions of higher learning, among them being 
Georgetown College, Central University, Center Col- 
lege and the State Agricultural and Mechanical College. 
The cities of Kentuckj' are among the most progres- 
sive in the South. They are centers of enterprising 
activity and have always been a strong factor in the 
development of the State's resources. Their citizens 
have been quick to perceive Kentucky's natural advan- 
tages and ready to take the lead in improving them. 
Kentucky's cities have also become famous as centers 
of a charming hospitality and of all the graces of 
social life. 



155 




LOUISVtl.I.K. KY. 




SHELBYVILLE, KV. 



First among these 
cities, of course, is 
Louisville, one of 
the most important 
commercial centers 
in the South. It is 
the northwestern 
terminus of the 
Southern Railway 
and has water 
transportation on 
the Ohio River. 
The city was first 
settled in 17-S. The 
selection of the site 
was largely acci- 
dental. On Corn 
Island, just above 
the city's pres- 
ent site. General 
Clark stationed 
some immigrant families to guard his supplies while he 
advanced to attack the British posts in the Indianacountrj'. 
Their military duty done, these pioneers found themselves 
so well pleased with their location that they decided to 
found a town. Accordingly in the spring of 1779 they 
moved to the mainland and Louisville was begun. In 
the 120 years that have elapsed she has continued to win 
citizens just as she won her founders, by the advantages 
of Her location and the promise of her commercial destiny. 
The population of Louisville in iSgy was 215,572. The 
magnitude of her commerce is shown in her annual bank 
clearings of $500,000,000. She has seven national and 
nine State banks with a combined capital of $g,ooo,ooo. 
The assessed value of property for 1S97 was $i 1 7. 700,000. 
On this amount is laid the law tax rate of $1-85 per Sioo. 
The bonded debt of the city is but $S, 800,000. She owns 
an interest of $900,000 in the gas company and is the 
sole owner of the city water works. She lays just claim 
to being one of the healthiest cities in the Lfnion, her 
death rate for the past year being but 15 to the 1,000. 

Louisville is the largest tobacco market in the world, 
and one of the largest whiskey distilling centers. Her 
various manufactories produce annually $46,000,000 
worth of products, her tanneries 12,000,000 pounds of 
leather, her mills 2,000,000 barrels of cement, her looms 
7, 500,000 yards of jeans, her foundries 100,000 tons of cast- 
ings, her machine works 400,000 agricultural implements, 
her flouring mills 400,000 barrels of flour, while her ware- 
houses handle 175.000 hogsheads of tobacco. 

The city makes ample educational provision for her 
children. There are 55 public schools employing 565 
teachers, and having 25,000 pupils. For the maintenance 
of these schools Louisville spends over a half million of 
dollars annually. There are five medical colleges, one law 
school and numerous schools of music, art and science. 
The city is supplied with a full complement of charitable 
institutions. 

Louisville has always been one of the great gateways 
to the South, but she sees to it that people do not merely 
pass through and beyond her. To even the hurried 
traveler she offers so many opportunities for pleasant and 
profitable residence that she causes many to stay with 



her, with the result that she is yearly swelling her jiopu- 
lation and adding to her commercial importance. 

One of the leading cities after Louisville is Lexing- 
ton, the famous ca|)ital of the blue grass region, and also 
of that realm of the thoroughbred whither those are ever 
journeying who would give their "kingdom for ahorse." 
Lexington is the railroad center of interior Kentucky, 
being at the junction of the Southern Railway and Cin- 
cinnati Southern Railway. Her transportation facilities 
give her the control of a large trade territory, and as a 
result she has built up a large jobbing business. She is 
the seat of the University of Kentucky, the State Agri- 
cultural and Mechanical College, with its experimental 
station, of Sayre Institute for young ladies, and she sup- 
ports a system of public schools of which she is justly 
proud. The Eastern Kentucky Asylum for the Insane is 
also located at Lexington. The surrounding country is 
one of the richest and most beautiful to be found any- 
where in America, and over it are scattered stock farms 
whose blooded horses are famous the world over. Lex- 
ington is the greatest market for the thoroughbred in 
this country. 

On the Southern Railway between Louisville and 
Lexington are the three thriving cities of Shelbyville, 
Lawrenceburg and Versailles. Shelbyville has a popula- 
tion of about 4,000, contains several manufacturing estab- 
lishments and is the trade center of a rich farming 
region. In point of wealth the town ranks eighth in the 
State. Shelbyville was founded in 1792. In addition to 
a good school system, Shelby College and Science Hill 
schools are located here. The city is in the Burley 
tobacco district and has a prosperous trade in this prod- 
uct. Electric lights, an extensive water works system, gas 
works, well-paved streets and all the accessories of modern 
city comfort and develnpmentare enjoyed in Shelbyville. 

Lawrenceburg, 
situated west of Lex- 
ington, has a popula- 
tion of 3,000 and is a 
distillery center. Lo- 
cated in the town and 
county there are 26 
distilleries, each with 
a capacity of from 
100 to 2,000 bushels 
of grain per day. 
The town has a 
good graded school 
and several private 
schools. 

Versailles is one 
of the oldest towns 
of Kentucky, having 
been laid out in 1793. 
It has now a popu- 
lation of over 3,000 and is widely known as an attractive 
home town. The mellow luster of the long ago colors 
the atmosphere of this brisker modern time. It has 
recently completed at a cost of $8,000 a handsome public 
school building. Henry Academy and Laws Hill Female 
Seminary are also located here. There are three banks 
in the city, a grain elevator with a capacity of 150,000 
bushels, and storage warehouses for 250,000 more. 




CKY HOME 



157 



Just north of Lexington is the growing city of 
Georgetown, with a population of 5,000. The George- 
town Baptist College is located here, as well as a 
Catholic school. The public schools are excellent. 
Georgetown commands a large trade from the fertile 
agricultural country about it. It is a notable industrial 
center. 

Near the State line is Middlesborough. Founded ir; 
1889 by an English syndicate, and backed by its own 
natural advantages and English millions, its growth was 
rapid. Only two miles from the famous Cumberland 
Gap, it lies in a beautiful valley surrounded on all sides 
by the Cumberland mountains. The climatic conditions 
offer exceptional inducements to tourists. The winters 
are mild and the summers cool and pleasant. The Mid- 
dlesborough Hotel, erected by an English syndicate at 
the cost of a quarter of a million dollars, is magnificently 
equipped. Its guests may enjoy the pleasures of glorious 
moimtain scenery, tennis, golf, and fishing in Fern Lake, 
the city's waterworks. The lake is two and a half miles 
long and about three-quarters of a mile wide. Black 
bass and perch are to be had for the baiting of a hook. 
With its many amusements, and cool summer days and 
cold summer nights, Middlesborough is an ideal summer 
resort. 

The three largest coal companies in Southern Ken- 
tucky, the Mingo Coal & Coke Company, the Middles- 
borough Coal Company, and the Bryson Mountain Coal 
Company, have their head offices in Middlesborough. 
and their mines are five miles away, just over the 
Tennessee line. The manufacturing interests of the 
city are many. Among them are the huge plant of the 
Watts Steel and Iron Syndicate, the New South Brewery, 
the Middlesborough Foundry and Machine Works, and 
one of the largest tanneries of the United States Leather 
Company, besides a number of smaller industries. 

With progressive towns and a productive country, 
Kentucky continues to typify a horn of plenty. She 
matches Nature's bounty with the industry of her sons 
and daughters, and an abundance of prosperity, with 
the promise of yet greater abundance, is the result. 

While Cincinnati is not in the State of Kentucky, 
it is so closely identified with her commercial interests 
that a brief sketch of the city, especially as it is one of 




THE HOTEL AT M IDULESBOROUG H, KV. 




the gateways of the Southern Railway sj'stem, will be 
appropriate at this time. 

The first settlement of Cincinnati, by Israel Ludlow, 
with about 20 other persons, occurred December 2S, 
17SS. The settlement was called " Losantiville " up to 
January, 1 790, when it was given its present name, in 
honor of the Cincinnati Society of Officers of the Revolu- 
tionary War. The corporate limits of the city at present 
comprise 35 square miles, and the population is some- 
thing over 400.000. On the Kentucky side of the Ohio 
River, immediately opposite Cincinnati, are the cities of 
Covington, with a population of 37,371; Newport, having 
24,918, and Bellevue, Dayton, West Covington, Ludlow, 
and other towns, with street-car and railroad commuter 
rate connections, aggregating a closely estimated popu- 
lation of 20,000. This gives a population south of the 
river of 82,289, which should not be excluded from any 
estimate of Cincinnati's population. 

The business of Cincinnati is very varied, with 
numerous manufacturing interests, wholesale houses of 
all kinds, and a large jobbing trade. The traveling 
salesmen of its business houses may be found throughout 
the entire United States. It is not only the commercial 
center of the State of Ohio, but, being closely adjacent 
to Kentucky and the South, has an enormous trade 
throughout that section also. 

The Chamber of Commerce, at the southwest corner 
of Fourth and Vine streets, is one of the most strikingly 
handsome buildings in the city. Its magnificent propor- 
tions, great architectural beauty, and remarkable strength 
and solidity are apparent to even a casual observer. 
The entire cost of this building was about $675,000. 

Among the city's notable struct- 
ures is the United States Govern- 
ment Building, completed in 18S5. 
It contains the Post Office, Custom 
House and Federal Courts of the 
United States Government, and 
offices for the various departments 
of the internal revenue, secret ser- 
vice, railway mail service, etc. 

The University of Cinc'nnati, 
which occupies commodious and 
well-appointed buildings, has a very 
large patronage, and is endowed to 
the extent of nearly a million dollars. 
Cincinnati's Public Library oc- 
cupies its own home, and owns 
189,491 books and 26,105 pamph- 
lets, which are constantly being 
added to. 



IRON COMl'ANY'S IM.ANT, M I nDLESBOROUGH, K\ . 




CINCINNATI. OHIO. 



In addition to tlie above and the many commercial 
blocks, there are many public or society buildings 
worthy of note. They include the Odd Fellows' Temple, 
Cincinnati Observatory, Masonic Temple, the Cincinnati 
Hospital, the Children's Home, the Armory, County 
Court House, the Crematory, one of the few in this 
country ; the Emery Arcade, between Vine and Race 
streets, which is a series of stores and forms a popular 
and novel thoroughfare, and numerous beautiful and 
modern church edifices of the various denominations. 

There are five bridges across the Ohio River at 
Cincinnati : Newport Bridge (raihvay and highway), 
3,064 feet long, 104 feet above low water, completed in 
1S72 ; Cincinnati and Xewport Central Bridge (highway), 
2,640 feet long, completed in 1S91 ; Covington and Cin- 
cinnati Suspension (highway). 2,252 feet long, completed 
in 1S67 ; Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Bridge (raihvay 
and highway), 4,182 feet long, completed in 1SS9 ; the 
Cincinnati Southern Bridge (railway and footway), 3.S22 
feet long, and completed in 1S77. 

There is a network of street railways throughout 
the city, augmented by five inclined plane railways, 
situated at convenient points in the city and overcoming 
the street grades necessary to be traveled in reaching 



the hills surrounding the city. The street railways 
place within easy reach of any part of the city the many 
famous suburbs of which Cincinnati is justly proud, 
such as Mt. Auburn, Norwood, College Hill, Price Hill, 
Avondale, Sedamsville and Hyde Park. 

Cincinnati has a number of charming parks, among 
which are Eden Park, containing 216 acres, in which is 
located the Art Museum and Art Academy ; Burnet 
Woods Park, of 163 acres of beautifully improved wood- 
land, in which are located the buildings of the Cincinnati 
University ; Lincoln Park, one of the largest of the 
city's downtown "breathing spots," containing 19 acres, 
with a beautiful artificial lake; Washington Park, a 
small park in the center of the city, and Garfield Park, 
in which are located the equestrian statue of Gen. 
William Henry Harrison and the handsome statue of 
President Garfield. 

Added to these parks are the Zoological Gardens, 
probably the most widely known of any amusement 
spot in any western city. They cover 45 acres, and the 
collection of wild animals and rare birds exceeds 1,500. 
The principal buildings, which are permanent struct- 
ures, cost upward of $300,000. 




A KENTUCKY %'ALLEY 



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.i ><<■ ^ X. i H * >» } JK. J' X 



ISSI5SIPPI 



>c 



%/ 




■ . I 



IT IS not possible to better express a general idea of the resources 
of Mississippi than in the language of Mr. Carlisle: "This noble 
commonwealth is essentially and pre-eminently an agricultural 
State. Nature designed and fashioned it to bless and reward the 
labors of the husbandman. Its geological formations appear to e.x- 
clude It from the profits of the mine and quarry, but what the State 
lacks in mineral resources, sometimes transitory and always in the 
end exhaustive, is more than counterbalanced bv a generous re- 
sponsive soil, an almost ideal climate, and productions the vauie of 
which IS not excelled in any part of the Union. The first Europeans 
who trod Its soil— the adventurous and romantic expedition of Her- 
nando de Soto— found its surface richly carpeted with the native 
grasses, and maize or Indian corn, one of the chief foods of mankind 
•of such luxuriant growth as to produce three or four ears to the 
stalk.' No State in the Union has been more liberally endowed by 
Nature with all the conditions favorable to agriculture.' In one sense 
of the word Mississippi is still a new State, with its immense natural 
advantages as yet mainly unappropriated. Its great forests of valu- 
able woods have been comparatively little depleted; many of its 
numerous fine mill and manufacturing sites await the power of skill 
and capital ; more than half its area remains untouched by the hus- 
bandman, while the part already in cultivation may be made to double 
Its productive power by improved methods of agriculture." 

But despite the fact that general geological appearances seem to 
be against it, there are many who hold firmly to the belief that por- 
tions of the State contain extensive coal beds. There are distinct 
traces of coal along the edge of the hills bordering the Yazoo Valley 
on the east, especially in Holmes County near Tchula, where tests on 
an extensive scale are contemplated. But, as has been well said, 
Mississippi can waive all pretention to mineral wealth and still take 
her rank with any State in the Union in material ad%-antages. 

The area of the State is 46,810 square miles, or 29,958,400 acres 
being 188 miles wide and 330 miles long, and with a river frontage 
along the Mississippi of 357 miles. The number of acres u.sed as farm 
lands, as shown by the most recent authoritative statistics, was 
1 7, 572,547, 6,849,390 acres of which were in actual cultivation. These 
lands were divided into 144.318 farms, the average size of which was 

122 acres. The population of the State is estimated to be i,;o 

having increased from 791,305 in i860. 

The surface of the State generally is undulating, with a gradual 
slope from north to south. The Yazoo Delta is not included in this 
general description, being composed of level bottom lands and allu- 
vial soil. The highest elevations to be found in the State are in 
Tippah and Union counties in the northeast, where some of the hills 
reach an altitude of 1,000 feet; the greatest elevation in the central 
portion of the State is from 300 to 500 feet, while the surface near the 
gulf coast is only from 20 to 30 feet above the sea level. All this part 
of the State is well drained by creeks and rivers. 

161 




COTTON HARVEST 



The Yazoo Delta or bottom lands lie in the north- 
western part of the State and occupy one-sixth of the 
area of the State, and are bisected by the main line of 
the Southern Railway. This section has numerous navi- 
gable streams, such as the Yazoo, Yallabusha, Talla- 
hatchie and Sunflower rivers, and is dotted with lively 
and prosperous towns, like Greenwood, where the rail- 
way crosses the Yazoo River; Greenville, on the Missis- 
sippi River, the terminus of the Southern Railway, and 
innumerable smaller towns and villages. The lands of 
this section are among the richest in the whole world, 
and the region is rich in timber, among which are twelve 
varieties of oak, in addition to ash, locust, gum, cypress, 
maple, hickory, wormwood, and others. 

This remarkable section, which the great Southern 
Railway bisects nearly in the center, deserves more than 
a passing notice. It is very nearly a V-shaped piece of 
land, the point of the V beginning at the mouth of the 
Yazoo River, about a mile north of Vicksburg, and run- 
ning nearly to the north line of the State, the Yazoo 
River being its eastern boundary. The Delta contains 
4,500,000 acres. It has a good drainage, as Horn Lake, 
at the head of the Delta, is 114 feet above the mouth of 
the Yazoo, and there is not a single swamp in its entire 
area. Large, navigable streams flow through the Delta, 
making a perfect network of waterways, and there are 
thirty-one of these that are traversed by steamboats of 
from fifty to one thousand tons burden. In addition to 
these, there are many large bayous, which are used in 
floating out timber, and these are available for two or 
three months in the year. The soil is wholly alluvial, 
having been deposited by the overflows of the Mississippi 



Riverduring the ages 
past, and now that 
the river has been 
controlled by levees 
so as to prevent fu- 
ture overflows, nearly 
the entire region has 
become available for 
settlement and culti- 
vation, and new- 
comers are already 
filling the country at 
a rapid rate. 

The Delta pro- 
duces more cotton 
than does any other 
one district in the 
world, though less 
than one-fifth its area 
is given to that crop. 
While Mississippi 
may have no mineral 
deposits of value, 
good building stone 
is found in some lo- 
calities. A fair quan- 
tity of marl is abun- 
dant, and clay in 
many sections is well 
adapted to the mak- 
ing of brick, tile and 
pottery. In nearly every part of the State flowing 
artesian water can be had at a depth of from 300 to 600 
feet. This is a great blessing to the Delta, where this 
pure water has considerably lessened the danger of 
malarial diseases. 

The climate of the State is usually mild, and is not 
subject to extremes of heat and cold. The summers are 
long, but a temperature of 95 degrees is unusual. The 
winters are cool and agreeable, but a temperature of 70 
degrees is not unusual even in January, 

Mississippi, because of its excellent natural 
conditions, is one of the healthiest States in 
the country, the official statistics showing 
that, while the death rate in Massachusetts 
is 18.59 P^'' 1. 000 ; New York, 17.30 ; Penn- 
sylvania. 14.92, and Colorado, 13.10, it 
is but I2.8g in Mississippi, and this 
is inclusive of the colored popu- 
lation, the average death 
rate of which in the entire 
South is 17. 28 per i.ooo. 
Facts will show that 
Mississippi is one of the 
best-governed States in the 
Union. Every householder 
with a family is entitled to 
hold exempt property suffi- 
cient to support a family in 
comfort. Liquor selling is 
regulated by "local option" 
in the counties. Since this 
law went into effect, about 



162 





eight years ago, saloons 
have been abolished in 
all but six or seven 
counties. Purity of 
elections is assured by 
the Australian ballot 
system. An educa- 
tional and poll tax 
qualification has elimi- 
nated the ignorant and 
vicious voter from par- 
ticipating in elections. 
Mississippi has a .«raall- 
er mortgage indebted- 
ness than any other 
State except three, 
while the public debt 
is smaller than that of any other State except West Vir- 
ginia, while her total indebtedness is smaller than that 
of any other State, with no exceptions. 

While Mississippi is the greatest of all the cotton- 
producing States, it is erroneous to presume that cotton 
is the only product that can be raised here. A great 
variet}' of grasses have been successfully grown. Corn, 
oats, hay, rye, millet, wheat, rice, potatoes, peas, 
sorghum, hemp and all kinds of fruit are standard 
crops. Stock-growing is destined to become one of the 
leading industries of the State. Dairying and truck- 
farming already yield profitable returns. Hogs and 
sheep are raised with great success. In verification of 
the agricultural worth of Mississippi the following from 
the pen of Mr. S. M. Tracey, late of the State Experi- 
ment Station, is offered in evidence: 

"The percentage of the gross earnings of the capital 
invested in farms, including land, buildings, implements 
and stock, is very high in Mississippi, the average for 
the United States being 12.4 per cent. ; for Ohio, ii.i per 
cent.; Indiana, 10.9 per 
cent.; Illinois, 12.5 per 
cent.; Michigan, 12. g 
per cent. ; Wisconsin, 

12.7 per cent.; Minne- 
sota, 17.2 per cent. ; 
Iowa, 14. 5 per cent. ; 
Nebraska, 13. 1 percent. ; 
Kansas, 13.5 per cent., 
and for Mississippi, 

43.8 per cent. By this 
showing, money invest- 
ed in Mississippi farms 
brings nearly three 
times as much as the 
average for the whole 
country, and more than 
twice as much as any 
of the States named. 

"The average value 
of farming lands, in- 
cluding both improved 
and unimproved, is for 
theUnitedStates$2 5.55; 
for Ohio, $51.13 ; In- 
diana, $42.59; Illinois, 

IN A MISSIS^II 



MISSISSIPPI SfCAR-CANF 




$58.35; Michigan, $43.- 
72; Wisconsin, $33.30; 
Minnesota, $22.18; 
Iowa, $36.10 ; Ne- 
braska, S23. 71 ; Kansas, 
$23.43; and for Missis- 
sippi 89. 50- In other 
words, $1,000 will pur- 
chase 19.6 acres in 
(_)hio, 23.5 in Indiana, 
20.7 in Illinois, 22.9 in 
Michigan, 33.3 in Wis- 
con.sin, 45. i in Minne- 
sota, 27.7 in Iowa, 42.2 
in Nebraska, 42.7 in 
Kansas, while it will 
purchase 105.3 acres 
in Mississippi. These figures speak for themselves. 
" The report of the eleventh census gives some very 
interesting figures in regard to crop values. According 
to that report, the average value of farm products per 
acre for the whole United States is $6.88 ; for Ohio, 
$7.27 ; Indiana, $6.27 ; Illinois, $7.20 ; Michigan, $8.48 ; 
Wisconsin, $7.25 ; Minnesota, $6.40 ; Iowa, $6.27 ; Ne- 
braska, $10.70 ; Kansas, $4.26 ; and for Mississippi, 
$10.70. By these figures the average crop from an acre 
in Mississippi is worth more than 50 per cent, above the 
average for the whole country, and more than 25 per 
cent, above that of any of the States named." 

The public school system of Mississippi dates from 
1871, but it has been so much improved since that time 
that it now ranks with the best in the Union in its 
thoroughness and efficiency. In proportion to taxable 
valuation the State perhaps expends more for education 
than any other State. Mississippi spends annually on 
her public school system more than a million dollars, 
and for educational purposes nearly a million and a half 

dollars. Besides the ex- 
cellent free school sys- 
tem, supported by a 
State and county reve- 
nue of $1,443,766, and 
possessing propertj' val- 
ued at $1,600,000, there 
are many fine institu- 
tions of learning in the 
State of a public nature, 
in addition to more than 
two hundred private 
and denominational 
schools. These are the 
State University, the 
Agricultural College, 
the Industrial Institute 
and College at Colum- 
bus, the Deaf and Dumb 
Institute, Institute for 
the Blind, Alcorn Agri- 
cultural and Mechanical 
College, and Stale Nor- 
mal School. The State 
University, at Oxford, 
was founded in 1S48. 




COLUMBUS, MISS. 

In 1S19 Congress 
t^ranted a township 
of land to the State 
for the purpose. It 
has been supported 
by State appropria- 
tions and by the in- 
terest in the proceeds of 
^ the sale of land granted 
by Congress. The institution 
ranks high among the colleges 
uf the country. The character of its 
faculty has been a guarantee of its efficiency. Some 
of them have left their impress upon the history of the 
State and country. The university at present includes 
a department of professional education, with a school of 
law, a department of science, literature and arts, com- 
prising twenty-one different schools. The curriculum 
includes training in Latin, Greek, German, French and 
English belles lettres, mathematics, all the natural 
sciences, mental and moral philosophy, political economy, 
elocution and pedagogy. The university has an excel- 
lent library of 1,300 volumes, and chemical and physical 
apparatus of the best kind. Tuition is free to all except 
law students. The institution justly merits the repu- 
tation it enjoys. 

The Industrial Institute and College at Columbus 
is a new departure in the educational history of the 
country. This college was commenced in 1SS5 for the 
benefit of the young women of the State. It is sup- 
ported by an annual appropriation from the State of 
about $25,000. This school offers three courses of study 
— a business course, a normal course and a college 
course — and many young women take advantage of the 
opportunities offered. 

In 1S78 the State Agricultural and Mechanical College 




was located at Starkville. The discipline here is mili- 
tary, and while the college was established primarily 
for the instruction of the youth of the State in the agri- 
cultural and mechanical arts, provision is made for in- 
struction in both common school and collegiate courses. 
The education imparted here is also practical and illus- 
trative ; students are required not only to be familiar 
with labor, but to labor themselves, which indeed con- 
stitutes an important part of their education. The build- 
ings are handsome, permanent and commodious ; the 
farm embraces 1,940 acres of land, 600 of which are 
under cultivation, including gardens and grounds. The 
farm is also well stocked with improved breeds of cattle, 
and with a complete outfit of the latest improved agri- 
cultural implements and farm machinery. 

The Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College 
was founded in 1871 and dedicated to the education of 
negro youth. 1 Instruction is given in the agncul- 
chanical arts, and the courses of study 
deraic, scientific, preparatory and 
The college has been very successful, 
free, as in the college for whites, and 
has appropriated, in addition to the 
interest derived from 
the agricultural scrip 
fund, all the money 
required for success- 
ful maintenance. 



tural and me- 
coUege, aca- 
commercial. 
Tuition is 
the State 




EAST MlSSISSirTM INSANE ASVLUM 



COIA'Mr.Is, MISS. 

To those who follow agricultural pursuits, and who 
for any reason desire to seek new homes, Mississippi 
offers inducements superior to many of the other States. 
Her climate and soil are unsurpassed. All agricultural 
products can be produced in abundance. Negro labor 
is almost the only kind employed, and farm hands are 
paid from $10 to $15 per month. The United States still 
owns eight hundred thousand acres in Mississippi, and the 
State five hundred thousand acres, all of which is for sale 
at cheap rates. The State is beginning to be recognized 
as a field for mills and factories. Land can be procured 
as cheap as in any other State. The people of the 
State are brave, generous, loyal and hospitable. They 
are proud of her glorious past, contented with her pros- 
perous present, and justly hopeful of her splendid 
future. 



164 




FEMALI-. s 



The Southern Railway crosses Mississippi in almost 
a straight line from east to west, entering the State in 
Lowndes County, near Columbus, and terminating at 
Greenville, an important point on the Mississippi River. 
Between these two points are located a score of the best 
towns in the State, including West Point, Mhoons 
Valley, Cedar Bluff, Maben, Mathiston, Eupota, .Grady, 
Townolen, Stewart, Kilmichael, Winona, CarroUton, 
Greenwood, Itta Bene (from which a branch runs to 
Webbs), Moorhead, Baird, Indianola, Elizabeth and 
Stoneville. 

Columbus is a city of nearly 6,000 inhabitants, 
beautifully laid out, substantially built, with fine graveled 
streets, and noted for the wealth, culture, refinement and 
hospitality of its people. It is situated on a high and 
commanding bluff on the east bank of the Tombigbee 
River, practicallj' at the head-waters of its successful 
navigation. The bluff gradually slopes to the Luxapalila. 
a stream almost of sufficient size and importance to be 
utilized for navigation, and one which furnishes within a 
few miles of the city unlimited water power, with volume 
enough to set in motion millions of spindles, lathes, etc. 
Columbus is located some two and a half miles above 
the confluence of the Luxapalila with the Tombigbee 
river; showing that Nature furnishes to her the prime 
essentials to a large manufacturing city, viz., perfect 
drainage, and an excellent navigable waterway to the 
seaboard. 

Columbus has superior school advantages, including 
model school buildings, and with less cost to the citizens 
than any other city of the South. A large part of the city is 
built on that section set apart by the Government for school 

purposes, and the 
land is leased to 
the owners of the 
buildings. The 
Franklin Acad- 
emy, attended by 
over 600 pupils, 
and the Indus- 
trial Institute 




and College, for the education of the white girls of the 
State of Mississippi in the arts and sciences, are located 
here. To the latter school belongs the distinction of being 
the first State institution ever founded for the education 
of women. The building occupied is a large four-story 
brick structure, surrounded by beautiful lawns and an 
abundance of stately oaks, elms, etc. , while between the 
institute and College Street are fountains and a well-kept 
flower garden. 

Columbus has a number of highly prosperous manu- 
facturing establishments, including a large cotton mill 
with 8,064 spindles and 256 looms, which has never been 
idle a day .since it was started. It consumes 700,000 
pounds of cotton annually and employs 150 hands. 

The city has an opera house, a dozen fine churches, 
electric lights and gas works, and an abundance of pure 
water. 

West Point, a few miles west of Columbus, has a 
population of 3,500. It is located in the midst of a 
sandy plain about four miles square, around which are 
the finest prairie and creek bottom farming lands in east 
Mississippi. This immediate section of the State has 
for generations been famous for the abundance of its 
crops. West Point is comparatively a new town, but 




WINONA, MISS. 



is improving with great rapidity and has several manu- 
facturing establishments. During the past .season the 
cotton compress here handled over 50,000 bales. Easy 
of access to all kinds of timber, the location is excellent 
for wooden factories, furniture, etc. The city is supplied 
with electric lights, telephone system and first-cla.ss water 
works, furnishing the purest of health-giving water from 
artesian wells. The place has educational advantages of 
excellent type, and all the leading denominations have 
churches. In addition to the public schools there are the 
Southern Female College, the Mary Holmes College, a 



165 




military academy, and the West 
Point Business College, one of the 
best institutions of its kind in the 
South. 

Winona is an active town of 
2, 500 inhabitants, surrounded by a 
section noted for its magnificent 
timber. Oak, hickory and beech 
predominate in such quanti- 
ties as to make this 
place a most desira- 
ble one for manu- 
facturing of all 
kinds where 
wood is used. 
It has al- 
ready be- 
come the 
second larg- 
est market 
for hickory 
in the United 
States. It is the 
county seat of Mont' 
gomery Count}% and is located 
on the crest of the dividing 
ridge between the Big Black 
and the Yazoo rivers, being the 
highest point between Chicago 
and New Orleans. About 60,000 
bales of cotton are compressed 
here annually, and it is the commer- 
cial center of a rich region Winona 
has good schools and churches and 
many advantages, including the purest of water from 
artesian wells of great depth. But a short distance from 
the town is the celebrated Stafford well, furnishing a 
mineral water of great efficacy and almost national 
reputation. 

Carrollton, which is the county seat of Carroll 
County, has 1,000 population and several churches, 
two growing colleges and good schools Its business is 





GREENVILLE, MISS. 



chiefly dependent on the prosperous agri- 
cultural region surrounding it. 

Greenwood, its next-door neighbor on 

the west, has a population of 2,000, five 

churches, several public schools and one 

bank. The surrounding country has an 

inexhaustible supply of heavy oak and 

cypress timber. Greenwood has a 

cotton and cotton-oil mill, saw 

liJKib. mill, stave factories, ice 

works, brick factory 

and machine 

shops. 

Indianola, 
in Sunflower 
County, is a 
prosperous 
town of fif- 
teen hun- 
dred inhabi- 
tants. It is 
e county seat, 
and has excellent 
educational facihties 
and several industries. 

Greenville, which is the western- 
most terminus of the Southern Rail- 
', ay and one of its two gateways on 
lie Mississippi River, is one of the 
State's most important and prosperous 
cities. In 1S65 it was a mere river 
landing. To-day it has 10,000 population 
and is growing rapidly. Its business 
interests are almost entirely dependent 
on cotton, but its growth and prosperity have demon- 
strated that this dependence has not been misplaced. 
The visitor to Greenville will be impressed with the 
signs everywhere present of prosperity. It is the entrepot 
of the Yazoo Delta, than which no more fertile region 
exists. It takes pride in its court house, the finest in the 
State; in the stability of its banks and commercial 
houses, and in the purity of its water, which comes 




THE COTTON* MARKET. r.BFFNVILLF, MI' 



from a number of deep artesian wells. 

The excellent public school system of 

Greenville is a graded one, consisting 

of eleven classes, the last two of which 

form the High School, in which Latin 

and the most advanced modern branches 

are taught, and a graduate finds ready 

admission in the colleges of the State. 

There are a number of fine church 

edifices, and the social life of the city is 

on the standard of the highest refinement. 

Among the chief industries of the city are 

the great cotton compresses, which handle many thou. 

sands of bales annually, a large cotton oil mill and 

numerous other enterprises. Being directly on the 

Jlississippi River, the shipping interests of Greenville 

are already large and rapidly growing. The Southern 

Railway, through modern appliances, transfers here to 





its own barge line on the river the Alabama coal sold 
for delivery at Mississippi River points south of Green- 
ville, in competition with coal mined and shipped from 
Pennsylvania. 

The Southern Railway also enters the State just east 
of Meridian, and connects there with the New Orleans & 
Northeastern for New Orleans, ig6 miles distant. 

J.Ieridian has been termed 
the electric city of Mississippi 
because of her remarkable 
growth. She has 16,000 popu- 
lation, and is progressive, en- 
terprising and alert to her 
business opportunities. Her 
location is in the midst of one 
of the richest agricultural 
sections in the South, and 
her citizens, represented by 
the Young Men's Business 
League, have brought about 



THE KlVtK FRONT AT GBEENVlLLIi, MISS. 

output is very great. The city has splendid water and 
gas works, an extensive electric lighting system, electric 
street cars, and a sewerage system which cost upward of 
$100,000. The streets are paved and kept in the best 
of order, and from every point of view Meridian will 
impress the visitor. She has 31 churches of all denomina- 
tions, five modern brick school buildings well equipped, 
a good commercial college and two female colleges. 
I ler banks carry deposits of nearly $1,000,000, and four 
building and loan associations are having a prosperous 
existence. On the whole, Mississippi and the South may 
take pride in Meridian and what it has accomplished. 

The Memphis division of the Southern Railway 
cuts across the northeast corner of Mississippi, the chief 
town upon the line in this State being Corinth, a place 
of 3.000 population. It is located in the center of a 
fertile agricultural region and has all the modernisms of 
a place of much greater size, including electric lights, 
good schools, banks, etc. 



^.m^^ 



CT;-^. 



HI I fUfVii 



* 



MERIDIAN', MISS. 



her recognition as a manufac- 
turing as well as a commercial center. There are a score 
or more prominent industries, employing a large num- 
ber of operatives, and the money value of their annual 




167 



1 



Down upon the southern edge of Mississippi, on the 
gulf coast, are Bay St. Louis, Pass Christian, Biloxi and 
Ocean Springs, resorts of more than local fame, whose 
delights have been heralded in almost everj' com- 
munity in the country by the hosts of visitors who 
have composed so largely their winter population 
during the past twenty or more years. In summer 
these inviting places, fanned as they are by the 
cool and invigorating breezes of the Gulf of Mexico, 
are the favorite resorts of the well-to-do classes 
from New Orleans and the cities of Mississippi and 
Louisiana. In winter the hotels, of which there are a 
number at each place, are filled to overflowing with 
people from the North, East and West, who find here 
the delightful conditions of an ideal climate, splendid 
opportunities for out-of-door life, and as fine fishing 
and sailing as are to be had anywhere on the conti- 
nent. The fishing is really remarkable, and the sport 
as it is indulged in is of the most enjoyable kind. 

Bay St. Louis and Pass Christian are on opposite 
shores of the same bay, and each sets up distinct 
claims for popularity based on the same natural con 
ditions. The latter is the larger, and has a great num^ 





ber of beautiful villas, which stretch along the charming 
water front a distance of nearly six miles. The avenues 
upon which they face are lined with majestic 
water oaks, which under these genial skies attain 
enormous proportions, one notable specimen 
covering with its wide-stretching branches an 
entire acre of ground. There are popular hotels 
at Pass Christian — the Mexican Gulf, the Mag- 
nolia and the Crescent by name — which provide 
hospitable shelter to a very large number of 
guests, to whom they furnish the best of modem 
accommodations. The varieties of amusement 
and recreation are infinite hereabouts, and cover 
both the water and the land. 

Bay St. Louis, Ocean Springs and Biloxi 
are each supplied with excellent hotels, and 
there are many private houses where comfort- 
able accommodations may be had at less rates. 
The first settlement on our southern coast was 
made by the French at Biloxi in i6qq, and the 
place has a wonderfully interesting history. 



A DA\' S HUNT IN T H K SiiI'lH 

This immediate section of the gulf coast is attract- 
ive and beautiful beyond description and is growing 
rapidly in popular favor as its many charms 
become known. 

Taken as a whole the State of Mississippi 
offers a wide and inviting field for the enter- 
prising manufacturer, artisan or agriculturist. 
Its great area is prolific m all natural re- 
sources which, under the touch of develop- 
ment, yield ready and generous returns. It 
has immense forests of hard timber which is 
especially adapted for manufacturing wagons 
and high-grade furniture. It has thousands 
of untilled acres of rich land which under 
proper cultivation will produce the greatest 
variety of products. It has many enterpris- 
ing towns where opportunities of the most 
promising kind await active men with small 
.-■ or large capital. It has a climate which robs 

winter of all its terrors without making sum- 
mer unpleasant, and it shows by its statistics 
that it is one of the healthiest States in the entire Union. 
It welcomes the stranger and invites the home-seeker. 




A MISSISSiri' 




I 



0UI5IANA- 



N 









y 




A GREAT deal of romance has been written about the State of Louisiana. 
Its climate, its traditions, its varied customs and varied population, the 
naturally artistic temperament of its people, its wonderful history 
reaching back to the infancy of a new continent and a new epoch in the 
world's life, all have tended to foster this. People visiting its foremost city 
love to look up the home in which dashing Lafitte, the pirate, lived, to hear 
traditions of him, to study the architecture of bygone generation.s. 

Rightly told, material Louisiana is a romance! Earth and forest alike 
cry out to keen investing instinct with promises so fair as to excite wonder ; 
at first glance, incredulity. Capital can realize a usury of interest in many 
kinds of legitimate investments here, and the laboring man has as 
promising opportunities of owning his home as in any other spot on the 
American continent. 

The twenty-eight million acres of soil comprised in the limits of this 
superb State afford opportunities for a variety of industry as striking as is 
the variety of the composition of its present citizenship. Time was when 
sugar and cotton measured the limits of its agricultural industries. Rice 
was later added to the list, and for a time these three constituted the State's 
main industries. That time is gone now, and although these great indus- 
tries will continue to champion a vast deal of attention and employ a great 
deal of men and money, the present epoch is marking the development of 
y^onderful new possibilities. A great many methods are being changed, a 
great many new views are penetrating. There is no hazard in predicting 
that the time is at hand when Louisiana will cease sending her immense 
cotton crops to English .spinners. The loom instead will resound through- 
out her chief cities. 

Louisiana's southern limit is 2S degrees 56 minutes from the equator, 
and it extends northward to the thirty-third degree. The orange blossom 
blows into the ripened fruit in its southern limits, and the navigation of its 
northern streams is never impeded by the ice of winter, which only at rare 
intervals permits the song of the skate. The mighty Mississippi splits the 
State in two, and geologists say that once upon a time, way back in history, 
the mouth of the river surged into the gulf high up above New Orleans, 
which is itself now over a hundred miles from the gulf. However this may 
be, certain it is that the land along the stretch of this river is of such 
marvelous fertility as to suggest an abnormal formation. These lands are 
known as the alluvial lands, and they arc found not alone along the Missis- 
sippi, but line the banks of all its streams. The uplands of the State are 
themselves of great productivity, and a man may mention " bale to the acre 
land," in speaking of this .section of the State, without exciting the least 
incredulity in the minds of natives. If tlie State has not to-day more manu 
factories than it enjoys, it is undoubtedly due to a soil which holds out so 
much richer inducements to labor. 

There are 45,440 square miles of territory in Louisiana, exclusive of the 
lakes and bayous which indent the southern portion and are included within 
the border lines of the State. Of these there are at least 20,000 square 
miles which come strictly under the definition of "alluvial," presenting all 

169 




M BATON KOi;GE 



the wonderful fecundity of that class of Louisiana land. 
At no point in the State do the uplands attain a greater 
height than 500 feet above the level of the sea, and the 
newly developing country, which now under the ijifluence 
of artificial irrigation is making such marvelous strides 
and revealing such vast 
possibilities (the rolling 
prairies), is no more than 
thirty to fifty feet above 
the sea level. 

Dr. William C. 
Stubbs, director of the 
State's experimental sta- 
tions, divides the State 
agriculturally into five 
parts: alluvial, bluff, 
good uplands, long-leaf 
pine, and prairie lands. 
The alluvial region lies 
along the Mississippi 
and its outlying bayous, 
the Red River and its 
tributaries and bayous, 
and the marshes of the 
coast. It occupies about 
20,000 square miles. No 
less an authority than 
Dr. Hilgard has written, 

in a study of the State, that this region is " the most 
fertile agricultural land in the world, ecjualed by few and 
surpassed by none in the world in productive capacity." 
It is seen that a statement could hardly be more sweeping 
than this, and it emanates from one of the very highest 
sources on the subject, and yet the material fact of 
production bears out its every word, year in, year out. 

The bluff lands are comprised in a belt running from 
the Mississippi line about fifty miles, near the center of 
the State, with a width in the northern portion of about 
fifteen to eighteen miles, but in the South about doubling 
that width. No section is better suited for a diversity of 
products, and it constitutes the finest agricultural hill 
lands of the world. 

The good uplands occupy the mam portion of 
northwestern Louisiana. Here is where Nature holds 
out a splendid wealth of fine timber lands in the short- 
leaf pine. Oak, hickory, ash and a hundred and one 
varieties of wood which will one day stock splendid 
manufactories of furniture in this State are to-day 
standing in this section of the State in splendid extent. 
The soil is defined as the "red sandy clay," which, 




intermixed with the washings from the hillsides, results 
in very fertile vales where small farmers thrive with the 
advantages of complete self-support, the possibility being 
presented of rearing all that is needed for eating, outside 
of the regular industry of the crop. Of course this is a 
part of the splendid cotton belt in that strip of the United 
States wherein cotton has reigned as king for years. 
Extensive experiments have conclusively shown that this 
region is also destined to produce much of the fine 
tobacco of the world's market before many years, and 
some of that grown by the farmers for their individual 
use has a flavor unsurpassed by the product of Cuba. 
The tide of that sturdy immigration which under the 
direction of great railroad trunk lines is now reaching 
the rolling plains of the South has not yet reached this 
section of the State in full force, although each year it is 
receiving an increasing quota of industrious labor. When 
it is adequately populated it will stand out distinctively 

as a .section where more 
homes are owned by their 
occupants than any other 
portion of the State and 
possibly of the country, 
for it is essentially the 
country of the "small 
farmer," where no big 
capital is required in crop 
growing. 

The pine hill regions 
present a great uniform- 
ity of soil. They are 
especially valuable as 
timber and grazing pro- 
perty. Cattle and hogs 
thrive in them splen- 
didly, being protected by 
the forest and the hills 
against the winter and 
at all times finding ample 
grazing. The bottoms 
of this section present 
the arable land. This is the .same chain of hill country 
which stretches parallel with the edge of the gulf from 
Georgia to Texas, varying in timber wealth. That 
wealth has not to this day been half realized, and 



THL POM OFII.-1X Ai BATU.N kuUot 




170 




LuJISIA^.■l -bL 



presents one of the brightest possibilities for future 
investment. 

The region of long-leaf pine exists in the extreme 
eastern and western portions of the State, and seems to 
be a sort of variety of that character of countiy just 
described. The soil is a gray, unretentive silt, w^hich on 
proper fertilization presents agricultural advantages 
somewhat superior to that just described. Belts of oak, 
dogwood, beech, etc., occur along its 
streams where the land is best for tillage, 
and rich advantages for lumbering and 
furniture manufacturing are held out. 
The manufacture of turpentine and 
charcoal is extensively carried on in 
certain portionsof this section, and resin 
is husbanded in great quantities, and 
mostly shipped abroad. 

The prairie region extends across 
the State like the hill region, parallel to 
the line of the gulf and of course nearer 
to it. It varies in surface from Hat to 
rolling, and of late years immense possi- 
bilities are being realized in these prairie 
lands for the growing of rice. Irrigation 
has made them wonderfully productive. 

Beyond the prairies toward the gulf 
are the marshes, an unreclaimed and 
possibly unreclaimable region, the per- 
petual heritage of the wild duck, the 
snipe, the plover, the pelican and the 
hunter. 

Forestry statistics of the United 
States carefully compiled show sixty per 
cent, of the wealth of the United States 



in this line of natural resource to be located in the 
South, and Louisiana ranks foremost among the States 
holding this major portion. The millions of dollars which 
have been expended in milling in this State within the 
past few years have been devoted almost exclusively to 
the sawing of pine and cypress. The day is near at hand 
when millions more are going to find rich rewards in 
turning the finest woods of the world, to be found in these 
forests, into the finest furniture of the world. 

Men thoroughly in touch with the situation assert 
that the history of the cypress industry will be repeated. 
Only a few years ago there was, as has been said, but 
little activity in cypress sawing, which is a wood 
almost peculiar to this State, so commercially 
considered. To-day, the Cypress Lumber Manu- 
facturing Association represents an output of 
almost 500,000,000 feet of finished cypress lumber 
per year, and this is steadily on the increase. 
It has come to be foremost in the woods of the 
State, and it is conclusively argued that the hard 
woods of the State and all those capable of fine 
finish are soon to forge to the front in the same 
way. Ash, oak, magnolia, beech, walnut, gums. 
Cottonwood, maples and a number of the woods 
enumerated previously are found in practically 
limitless abundance in many regions of the State 
now accessible to the world by railroads, and their 
utilization as the basis of a great line of industry 
is a definite and positive matter of the future. 
As to the extent of Louisiana's possessions in woods 
of value, the following computation comparing several 
Southern States is reliable, and may be pretty uniformly 
applied to all the other sorts of woods as showing 
the comparative wood resources. This relates to long- 
leaf pine alone: Alabama, 18,885,000,000 feet; Florida, 
6,615,000,000; Georgia, 16,778,000,000; Louisiana 26,558,- 
000,000; Mississippi, 17,200,000,000; North Carolina, 




COTTON FIELD 




5,229,000,000; South Carolina, 5,316,000,000; Texas. 
20,508,000,000. 

It is seen that even the vast and imperial 
commonwealth of Texas is behind in the race of 
Nature, and it is to be remembered in this connei 
tion that the Mississippi River is the great bem 
factor in this result. It showered its benefict 
alike on soil and forestry, and 
such mighty tributaries as the 
Red, the Atchafalaya and the 
numerous other streams and 
bayous with which the State is 
supplied have added material!) 
to this wealth of forestry. 

So much for the natura! , j 

riches of the forests of Louisiana. '. 7 

Before turning to the actual .^^ ■ 

and prospective industries of thi ^^ 

State it is well to take more than 

cursorynoticeofwhatinall States -^ ■•i"-' ^'i-nt c 

and in all ages has always had a most marked influence 
on progress, riches and civilization — water courses. Not 
in the world is a similar extent of country blessed 
with as m'lch navigable water as is Louisiana. There 
are altogether fifty-nine parishes in the State, or, as 
they would be called in other States, counties. Of 
these fifty-nine there are but four not penetrated by 
navigable water. When it is slated that the 45,000 





Lu^lblANA IN KLBRtAKV 



square miles of territory in the State contain the enormous 
stretch of 3,8 19 miles of navigable water, upon forty rivers 
and bayous, some idea is gained of the singular kindness 
of Nature in this respect. The most important waterway, 
of course, is the Mississippi, and it is interesting to note 
that not even the mightiest stream in all the world, with 
its 2,161 miles of navigation, furnishes as much as do 
the combined streams of this one State. 

The climate of the State is that inviting that as the 
years progress it is more and more becoming the winter- 
ing place of families from the North, and the stranger 
from the North who comes in summer with the expecta- 
tion of finding a great deal of uncomfortable heat often 
expres.ses his wonder at finding the climate far more 
pleasant than that of the northern point he has just left. 
Proximitj'to the gulf, and the sweet sweep of its breezes 
over the State, results in a rapid evaporation which keeps 
the air cool, and for the major portion of the year delightful. 




The matter of health is always important in the 
history of states and nations. No great nation 
ever grew under conditions of unhealthfulness, and 
^ ertainly no great prosperity can be realized where 
be thrift of a people is interfered with by .sickness. 
Tropical countries and countriessemi-tropical 
are not as a general rule healthful. Of course, 
to certain forms of disease they 
always hold out a balm not to 
be had in the colder and more 
rigorous climates of the north. 
Louisiana presents a striking 
exception to this general rule. 
It is wonderfully healthful, and 
scientific men have accounted 
for it by the great number of 
natural drains making their 
way to the sea within its limits. 
Time out of mind the Missis- 
i.oi i.sn.v.t ^Ai I sippi has been held to be an 

agency of healthfulness. Its waters, which, being at 
this point the aggregated drainage of over half of a 
mighty country, might be naturally supposed to be un- 
healthful, present the singular phenomenon of being the 
most healthful in the world. Microscopic examination 
reveals a singular absence of the myriad minute creations 
which infest almost all water, a total absence of germs, 
and the fact has been attributed to its swift churning 
current and the great abundance of fine sand or silt which 
permeates it. If one picks at random in four different 
sections of the Union any number of States, say Vermcrat, 
Tennessee, Indiana and Texas, and examines the mor- 
tality rates of the States as compiled by the general 
government, he will be surprised to note that Louisiana, 
in spite of her large area of low country, compares favor- 
ably with them all, and surpasses many. Not a single 
Southern State makes a better health showing. One of 
the best tests of health conditions is to be derived from 
the infant mortality rate, and an inspection of the records 
shows Louisiana, population considered, to be on a parity 
with the healthiest State of the LTnion. 

The superb quarantine maintained at New Orleans 
and other Louisiana ports has resulted in absolutely 
keeping out of the State for over twenty years, prior to 
the winter of iSgy-gS, the dreaded tropical epidemic, and 
it was then introduced from a neighboring State, but the 
general health conditions and regulations were .so excel- 
lent that it was speedily stamped out. 

Next in importance to the subject of health 
that of education in any self-governing people. 



^5^ 








< -ji-afs^K"-- ■ 



A LOUISIANA SUGAR PLANTER S HOME 





HARVESTING RICE 



popular intelligence measures the adequacy and enlight- 
enment and wisdom of the government. Educationally 
the State is to-day exceedingly active. 

Beyond any question, one of the most potent factors 
in this connection is the State Normal School at Natchi. 
toches. In its management the State has been constantly 
enlisting a higher grade of talent, who in turn have been 
introducing the most advanced theories and methods of 
popular education. 

The Louisiana State University, situated at Baton 
Rouge, which is a military school, and Tulane Univer- 
sity are both active and well-patronized institutions, 
furnishing the State with yearly classes of scholarly 
college men. The former has an important industrial 
department— a mechanical school, which has tended to 
increase the demand for a textile school somewhere in 
the State where such occupations of skilled labor can be 
learned as tend to create an army of skilled labor for the 
cotton mills and the factories. The Audubon Sugar School, 
which has given the sugar industry such a number of 




scientific workers, has been an object lesson in 
the matter. The most important department of 
education in the State, as in all States, however, 
is the common school. The length of the sessions 
has been steadily increasing in the various par- 
ishes from year to year, not so much in accord- 
ance with the advantages of resource for the 
work, for they have been about the same, but 
keeping pace with demand and public interest. 
Besides these public institutions, the State is 
blessed with a more than usual share of private 
institutions of all denominations, and it is inter- 
esting to pause here and remark that nowhere 
on the globe is the spirit of the constitution of 
this country so genuinely realized as in this State 
in the matter of religion. A tolerance which is 
as broad as true enlightenment exists between 
all creeds. 

No State in the Union holds out richer 
advantages to the home-seeker than does this 
State. There are over a million acres of govern- 
ment lands yet in its confines, subject to home- 
steads. There are over two million acres of 
State lands. There are large tracts of railroad 
lands, not only awaiting occupation but finding 




i=*iite-<*^'^-:SS&- 



the roads willing and active to do all they can for the 
advancement and settling of these territories. 

The State is dotted throughout with a vast number 
of towns, with New Orleans the metropolis of the State 
and of the South. The most important of the towns are 
Lake Charles, Alexandria, Shreveport, Baton Rouge, 
Donaldsonville, Plaquemine, Franklin, Natchitoches, 
Lafayette, Thibodaux, etc. Many of these towns are 
making rapid progress by reason of lumber industries, 
and on iiccount of railroads and the varied enterprises they 
bring. 

New Orleans is not only the metropolis and chief 
city of the State of Louisiana, but because of its great 
inland and foreign trade it assumes by every right of 
commercial prowess the distinction as well as the honor 
of being the greatest of all the Southern cities. It is the 
focal pomt of the mightiest watershed in the world, and 
the seaport of a vast empire which is great not only in 
present achievements and agricultural wealth, but des- 
tined to become one of the richest and most productive 
regions in all the world when its mellow and fertile 



173 



acres, its unlimited forests, and its undeveloped water- 
ways shall all have been keyed up to the pitch of modern 
cultivation and development. 

New Orleans is interesting from any and every point 
of view. It is so unique in many things that it has an 
individuality and character all its own, It stands as a 
type of the few American cities which have not allowed 
the strident calls of trade to dull their melody of romance. 
Thus it is at once great in commercial life and activity, 
and bewitching in its poetic aspects. Its great ex- 
changes, in which the transactions run into the millions, 
attest its influential position among the markets of the 
world, while the vine-embowered villas and quaint old 
corners in its French quarter suggest to even the tran- 
sient visitor the ever-fascinating story of its early days. 

It was founded by de Bienville, a French Canadian, 
in 171S, and from that time until 1S03, when it passed 




permanently into the hands of the Americans, it had a 
varied and romantic experience, with a frequently 
changed sovereignty, being under the control of the 
sturdy Bourbon, the Spaniard and the easy-going Creole 
by turns. 

The modern citj* lies on the east bank of the Missis- 
sippi, 107 miles above its mouth. The great stream 
almost encircles it, however, because it turns to the east 
and then almo.st due north on the eastern side, so that 
walk to any of the three points of the compass — west, 
south or east — from the business center of the city and 
you will reach the wharves, which cover nine miles of 
water front. 

The foreign and domestic shipping interests of 
New Orleans have reached enormous proportions. The 
figures of the port for the past year show that its foreign 



trade alone amounted to $116,849,021, a gain of more 
than $20,000,000 over the previous year. Of this amount 
upwardof $100,000,000 were exports and about $16, 000, 000 
imports. Cotton, of course, is tlie chief item in the city's 
trade, and of this staple it handled during the year 
2,249,223 bales, against 1,911,281 bales the preceding year. 
In addition to the cotton shipments, there were shipped 
from New Orleans during the last trade year 33,904,482 
bushels of cereals, 422,498 barrels of rice, 1.133.234,546 
feet of lumber and 9,433,900,000 staves, and an immense 
amount of miscellaneous products. It will thus be seen 
that in all that goes to build up a seaport New Orleans 
takes high rank among the greatest of American cities. 
Aside from its shipping interests. New Orleans has 
been making, during recent years, great strides in all 
lines of commercial life. Its population, which now num- 
bers 250,000. embraces a large percentage of energetic, 
active citizens, who are alert 
in all matters affecting the 
city's interests, and who are 
united in the endeavor to 
make the city a model 
municipality. This desire 
lias led to the formation of 
an association known as the 
Progressive Union, whose 
membership embraces the 
leading citizens, and whose 
object is to advance the city's 
material interests, and to 
herald to the world its advan- 
tages and possibilities. 

Magnificent new build- 
ings have been erected which 
would be a credit to any 
American city ; factories have 
sprung up and prospered on 
every hand ; miles upon miles 
of new asphalt paving have 
been laid, and a sj'stem of 
sanitation introduced which 
has made New Orleans, ac- 
cording to the vital statistics 
of the Government, one of 
the healthiest cities of its 
size in the country. 

Its public school system 
and its school buildings are the equals of those of any 
city. North or South, and it has a press which is con- 
tinually leading the way in the advocacy of various proj- 
ects for the upbuilding of the material commonwealth. 
Never was the era of progress more thoroughly 
inspiring a city and a State, never have men given their 
attention more studiously and earnestly to the question 
of material development, and never have a people found 
themselves surrounded by more munificent advantages 
for material growth and general prosperity as the result 
of intelligent plans and earnest work. 

There is no more interesting city in America from 
the tourist standpoint than New Orleans. Its winter cli- 
mate is ideal, and its attractive features are innumerable, 
while its festivals and fetes add elements of pleasure 
which are as enjoyable as they are novel. The New 



174 




MEMORIAL LIBRAKV 



^S^SSS, 



Orleans Mardi Gras has grown into international fame 
and attracts by its novel and enjoyable features thousands 
of visitors from all portions 
of the globe. The aesthetic 
side of the city has been well 
developed, and there are 
many charming public parks 
with a score of monuments 
and statues. New Orleans 
people have learned to per 
fection the charm of out-of- 
door life, and these parks art- 
enjoyed by the masses as in 
few other cities. 

The visitor will fimi 
among its hotels, of which 
there are several affording 

modern accommodations, a magnificent structure, the 
New St. Charles, reared upon the site of the famous 
old hostelry of the same name, and now one of the 
largest and most handsomely appointed public houses 




in America. Few cities throughout the entire country 
can boast of as splendid a hotel, and New Orleans is 

fully justified in taking the 
pride she does in it. It 
occupies an entire square in 
the very center of the city, 
'■. :ind its architectural feat- 

- ires make it an imposing as 

- well as beautiful structure. 

,r~;. Its cost was enormous, as 
: ;3j;i: money was spared neither 
'■'■ "-'-^^-i^ in its construction nor fur- 
_^ '■ M nishing. 
;,■;. .i .- . - 'j»— ^iJ" Taken as a whole the 

modern New Orleans is a 

city in which the South and 

AI-..L.- iiuit ^^ country at large have 

just cause for pride. It occupies a commanding and 
important position in the commercial world, and with- 
out doubt is destined to achieve a notable and brilliant 
future. 




rUF- SEW ORLEANS MOTION EXCHANGE 




NEW ORLEANS. LA. 







FIFTY-FIVE years before the Pilgrims set foot on N<^lri54merican soil 
at Plymouth Rock, and more than two score'^yftp.w before the 
Colonists under Gosnold, Bacon and Capt, John Smith settled at 
Jamestown, Virginia, Ponce de Leon landed on the shores of Florida, near 
the site of the present city of St. Augustine. The discovery of this " land 
of flowers" was in 1512, and it was because of the mildness of its climate 
and the luxuriance of the semi-tropical foliage that the illustrious and 
romantic prince claimed that at last he had found the location of the 
fountain of eternal youth. 

After a brief stay Ponce de Leon set sail to Spain, his native country, 
but returned again to Florida nine years afterward, only to be cruelly driven 
off by the natives, having suffered wounds which shortly proved fatal. 

In 1526 Charles V gave one of his favorite courtiers, Pamfilo de Nar- 
vaez, an enormous land grant in Florida, and colonization was attempted, 
but the enterprise came to grief. 

De Soto, the h.'irdy explorer whose name is so closely associated with 
many of the early discoveries in the southern and western territory, entered 
Tampa Bay with his little fleet on May 25, 153Q, giving this beautiful sheet 
of water the name Espiritu Santo. He evidently made no attempt to 
found a colony, for he was bent solel)' on exploration and adventure. In 
1 56 1 a band of hardy French Huguenots established themselves on the 
St. John's River, but were soon wiped out by sickness or desertion. Four 
years later the Spanish under Menendez built a fort at St. Augustine, and 
celebrated the occasion by swooping down upon Fort Caroline, which had 
been built a year earlier by the French, and massacring its inmates. In 
retaliation for this outrage the French sent out an expedition in 1567 and 
recaptured and rebuilt the fort. The following year the English admiral. 
Sir Francis Drake, burned St. Augustine and drove out the Spaniards. 
More than a century later Florida, after many vicissitudes of ownership, 
was given to Spain by England in exchange for the Bahama Islands, and 
in 1803, under what was known as the Louisiana purchase, it passed into 
the hands of the United States and became a separate territory by act of 
Congress, March 3, 1822, and took its place among tlie sisterhood of States 
March 3, 1S45, being the first one added to the original and historic thirteen. 

Thus the story of Florida, running back as it does to the very begin- 
ning of settlement in North America, is one in which romance, intrigue 
and bloodshed arc dominant factors. It was the fighting ground upon 
which England, France and Spain conquered by turns, and wrested from 
one another the slight hold which each in turn gained upon the then utterly 
wild and unexplored western hemisiihcre. 

Geographically Florida is the most southern of all the States, and is 
the largest one east of the Mississippi River. It has a coast line of 1,150 
miles, which is greater than that of all the States from Maine to the mouth 
of the St. John's, which is its greatest river and one of the three large 
streams in the United States which flow north. The St. John's has a 
width of over two miles for 150 miles south of Jacksonville, and with its 




!)N1-: Ol- FLORIDA'S Rl\EHS 



branches furnishes a thousand miles of steamboat navi- 
gation. Florida's chief seaports on the Atlantic coast 
are Fernandina, Jacksonville and St. Augus- 
tine, all in the northeastern comer of the .State, 
Key West on the south, and Tampa, Cedar 
Keys and Pensacola on the Gulf of Mexico. 

Almost the entire coast line of Florida is 
protected by a chain of low-lying sand islands 
or keys, as they are called in the nomencla- 
ture of the locality. The number of thesr 
varies according to the estimates from ten to 
fifty thousand. At the tip end of the State a 
chain of these keys is thrown off on a tan- 
gent from the main shore, and continues at 
irregular but frequent intervals for two hun- 
dred miles, terminating in the Dry Tortugas. 
a United States naval station. Key West is one of this 
series of islands, being about midway between the main 
shore and the Tortugas, and almost the same distance 
from Havana, Cuba. 

Florida reserves its most winsome smiles for the 
winter sojourner, who, ban- 
ished from the north by 
storms and sleet, finds 



under its Venetian blue skies a charming existence amid 
the luxurious surroundings of costly hotels. The State 
has come to be the great winter playground of an ever- 
increasing number of people from the north, east and 
west, who turn toward it every fall as naturally as the 
birds fly southward, and who spend the entire winter 
there, far removed from all suggestions of ice and snow 
and their attendant ills. 

The State topographically is divided into three 
almost distinct sections, and each has its devoted advo- 
cates both among the permanent settlers and the tourists 
who spend only the winter season. 

That portion stretching along the Atlantic's shores 
is known both at home and elsewhere under the general 
title of the East Coast. It is on the main level and 
sandy. For a long distance it is separated from the sea 
by the Indian River, with its continuations, the Hillsboro 
and Halifax. These are rivers by courtesy only, being 
really tidewater lakes which have in the years gone by 
been created by the building up of the sandbars on the 
shoals of the beach. These have gradually been added 
to until they have developed into islands varying from a 
few rods to a mile in width, and upon 
them has grown a tangle of tropical .^S'?^^' 
trees and vines. The oldest settle- 
ments m the State are along the 





East Coast, and in the neighborhood of Ormond, Day- 
tona and New Smyrna, lovely spots upon the Halifax, 
are many famous orange groves, pioneers of this branch 
of Florida's industry. St. Augustine is the northern- 
most of the resorts vi'hich have made the East Coast 
world-famous. This spot, with the quaint relics 
of its old-time life, and its splendid hotels, 
■.- of which the Ponce de Leon is the chief, is 
too well known to need more than a passing 
mention. A lavish expenditure of money has 
created here a paradise as fascinating as it is 
beautiful, and having such a marked individ- 
uality that it cannot be compared to any other 
spot in the United States. 

There are pretentious tourist hotels at 
rmond and Rock Ledge, and far south of the 
Iter several famous hostelries, the Royal 
Poniciana and Palm Beach Inn at Palm Beach, 
and the Royal Palm and Biscayne at Miami. 
From the latter place there is a steamship line 
to Nassau, N. P., and also to Key West. 

This entire section of the State has grown 
•,o such world-wide notoriety as a delightful 



CROWING TOU-\CCO AT FORT MF.ADK, FLORIDA 







A FEW OF FLORIDA S RKPRESENTATl VF, HOTELS 




region in which to spend the winter, and it has become 
such a rendezvous of fashionable society that it is but 
natural that it should become known both at home and 
abroad as the "American 
Riviera." 

The central portion of 
Florida is generally de- 
scribed as the lake or ridge 
country. It has an altitude 
which in places is as much 
as three hundred feet above 
the sea level. It is largely 
covered with pine forests, 
and has innumerable beau- 
tiful clear water lakes of 
great depth and purity. It 
is one of the wealth-produc- 
ing sections of the State, for 
not only is it practically all 
underlaid with phosphates, 
which have grown to be 
such an enormous element 
of profit to Florida, but it is 

an agricultural and fruit region par excellence. Thou- 
sands of acres have been brought to the highest state 
of development, and hundreds of car 
loads of fruits and early vegetables are 
shipped annually to northern markets. 

The West or Gulf Coast takes on a 
different character from either of the 
other portions of the State. Much of 
the shore line is high and bold, and in 
the northern and western portions i<i 
the State there is considerable hard- 
wood timber, notably the oak u.sed i' 
ship-building. Because of the exce: 
lence of this wood and the enormoi: 
size it attained in the neighborhood <■ 
Horaosassa. the United States Goveri; 
ment reserved a large area of forest f. ■; 
its especial use in the construction c. 
the old wooden navy of early years. 

Hundreds of beautiful bays indent 
the picturesque shore line of the gulf. 




and not only add a delightful variety 
to the scenery but furnish opportuni- 
ties for ideal home sites. The West 
Coast, like the East, has its chain of 
modern hotels, erected with lavish ex- 
pense to furnish accommodations for 
the ever-increasing army of winter 
visitors. There is a handsome one at 
Winter Park — the Seminole — and a 
new one of pretentious size and ap- 
pointments at Bellaire on the Pinellas 
peninsula. The Tampa Bay Hotel at 
Tampa is one of the most magnificent 
houses in America, and cost a fabulous 
amount. Further south, on Charlotte 
Harbor, is the Punta Gorda Hotel, 
another beautiful and mammoth struc- 
ture, and within the past year the Fort 
Meyers Hotel has been opened to the 
public at Fort Meyerson the tropical Caloosahatchie River. 
At Jacksonville there are two fine houses, the St. 
James and the Windsor, both admirably appointed and 

popular with the tourist 
public. 

In addition to these more 
pretentious houses on the 
East and West Coasts and in 
Jacksonville, there are a 
large number of smaller ones 
scattered throughout the 
State, all of which enjoy a 
large patronage and are well 
kept and well known. 

Of tlie cities of Florida 
Jacksonville is, by every 
■icale of measurement, the 
lost important. It is, from 
■^ position, the natural eu- 
cpot of the State and its 
metropolis in commerce and 
industry. Its population ex- 
uF lARPOK ceeds 30,000, and it has 

growing manufacturing interests. 

Fernandina, thirty-si.K miles north of Jacksonville, 





FLORIDA PINE 



has the largest and deepest harbor on tlie East Coast, and 
is one of the centers of the lumber and jihosphate ship- 
ping interests, as well as a delightful place for 
residence, many beautiful homes being located 
here. 

Palatka, fifty-five miles south of Jackson- 
ville, is the chief city on the St. John's River 
south of the latter city, and its fine hotel and 
many attractive features make it a popular 
tourist center. It enjoys also a fine business, 
being the natural center of a large region of 
the finest agricultural and fruit lands. 

Tampa and Key West are eacli active bu.si- 
ness centers and produce immense quantities of 
cigars. In the western portion of the State are 
two prominent cities, Pensacola, upon the far- 
thest boundary, and Tallahassee, the State capi- 
tal, located in the heart of the beautiful hill 
country, where the sandy soil found everywhere 

else throughout the State is sup- 
planted by a rich loam, which pro- 
duces the most bountiful crops of 
all kinds of farm products. Talla- 
hassee is one of the most inviting 
and beautiful cities in the South. 
It is shaded and vine-embowered 
and rich in flowers and verdure 
during every season of the year. 
It has two delightful hotels, the 
Leon and St. James, and in ad- 
dition to the State buildings has 
many others of importance, in- 
cluding a handsome and modern 



Government Building, the 
State Seminary and the Nor- 
mal College. 

Florida is by no means 
dependent for its material 
progress on the Northern tou- 
rist. While it is true that 
many people unfamiliar with 
its great natural wealth and 
opportunities consider it only 
as a place to go to where dis- 
agreeable winter weather may 
be avoided, it nevertheless is 
making rapid strides toward 
wealth and improvement. 

During recent years its 
fruit and vegetable business 
has grown to such proportions 
that more than $2,000,000 are 
annually realized from the 
crops. 

The tobacco industry has 

al.so made rapid progress, and 

'he State's production now ex- 

eds 2,300,000 pounds. Under 

1 ientific culture it has been 

■ monstrated that a tobacco 

which compares favorably with 

tlie finest imported varieties 

can be successfully grown. 

Extensive investments are being made in various 

portions of the State by intelligent tobacco growers, and 








each year is seeing a larger 
and more satisfactory crop 
matured. The quality of tlie product is steadily im- 
proving, and results already achieved, with the favorable 
conditions of soil and climate, give every promise of the 
production at an early day of a tobacco having the de- 
lightful flavor of the Cuban leaf 

In tlie perfection of her climate, her wealth of 
picturesque and tropical scenery, her splendid hotels, 
and her wealth of opportunities for sport and recrea- 
tion, Florida offers to the tourist an ideal combination 
which cannot be equaled in any other spot on the globe. 
To the settler she holds out alluring inducements and 
bright promises, which she will do her part to fulfill. 



A PLOHliiA lOi: 



'NCo!S\» 




v^A. ^ 



L -n T ^'^'' 












AND CONNECTIONS 



M 

II.VADOR k 



INDEX 



Abbeville, S. C 


8y 


Agriculture in the South, 


9 


Aiken, S. C. 


8q 


Alabama 


135 


Anderson, S. C 


Sq 


Anniston, Ala., .... 


M-l 


Asheville, N. C 


65 


Athens, Tenn., 


12S 


Atlanta, Ga., .... 


100 


Attala, Ala 


14S 


Augusta, Ga 


106 


Austell, Ga 


113 


Bay St. Louis. Miss. , 


16S 


Biloxi, Miss 


1 68 


Biltmore, N. C. (Vauderbilt Est. 


) 69 


Birmingham, Ala., . 


143 


Blacksburg, S. C 


91 


Blowing Rock, N. C, . 


76 


Bristol, Tenn., .... 


124 


Brunswick, Ga 


102 


Carrollton, Miss 


166 


Chapel Hill, N. C 


62 


Charleston, S. C 


91 


Charleston, Tenn., . 


128 


Charlotte, N. C 


59 


Charlottesville, Va., 


49 


Chattanooga, Tenn., 


119 


Chester, S. C 


go 


Chickamauga Nat'l Park, Tenn. 


, 121 


Cincinnati, Ohio, ' . 


15S 


Cleveland, Tenn 


12S 


Climate of the South, 


31 


Coal Creek, Tenn., . 


129 


Coal in the South, . 


22 


Columbia, S. C 


86 


Columbus, Ga., 


loS 


Columbus, Miss., 


165 


Corinth, Miss 


167 


Cotton in the South, 


15 


Cumberland Island, Ga., 


104 


Dalton, Ga 


no 


Danville, Va., .... 


50 


Davidson College, N. C. , 


63 


Decatur, Ala 


150 


Durham, N. C 


62 


Eastman, Ga 


112 


Education in the South, 


27 


Elberton, Ga 


112 


Fitzgerald, Ga 


112 


Flat Rock, N. C 


72 


Florence, Ala 


151 


Florida 


177 


Fort Payne, Ala 


149 


Fort Valley, Ga., 


no 


Fruithurst, Ala 


146 


Gadsden, Ala 


149 


Gaffney, S. C 


90 


Gainesville, Ga., 


ni 


Gastonia, N. C, 


61 


Georgetown, Ky., 


15S 



Georgia, 

Goldsboro, N. C. 

Grandfather's Mountain, N. C. 

Grand Junction, Tenn 

Greeneville, Tenn., 

Greensboro, N. C, . 

Greenville, Miss., 

Greenville, S. C, 

Greenwood, Miss., . 

Greenwood, S. C, . 

Harriman, Tenn., 

Haywood White Sul. Spgs, N. C. 

Henderson, N. C, . 

Hickory, N. C, . 

High Point, N. C, . 

Hot Springs, N. C, 

Huntsville, Ala., 

Indian Springs. Ga., 

Introduction, 

Iron in the South, 

Jackson, Ga. , 

Jacksonville, Ala., . 

Jekyl Island, Ga., 

Jellico, Tenn., 

Johnson City, Tenn., 

Jonesboro, Tenn., 

Kentucky, 

Knoxville, Tenn.. 

Land of the Sky, 

Lawrenceburg, Ky.. 

Lenoir, N. C, 

Lenoir, Tenn., . 

Lexington, Ky., 

Linnville, N. C, 

Lithia Springs, Ga. , 

Lookout Mountain, Tenn 

Louden, Tenn., 

Louisiana, 

Louisville, Ky., . 

Lynchburg, Va., 

Macon, Ga., 

Manufacturing in the South 

Map, .... 

Marion, Ala., 

Marysville, Tenn. , . 

Memphis, Tenn., 

Meridian, Miss., 

Middlesborough, Ky., 

Mis.sissippi, 

Mobile, Ala., 

Montevallo, Ala., 

Montgomery, Ala., . 

Morgan ton, N. C, . 

Morristown, Tenn., 

Mossy Creek, Tenn., 

Mountain Retreat Association 

Mountains of the South, 

Newberry, S. C. 

New Orleans, La., . 

Newport. Tenn.. 



y.\c.E 








PAGE 


93 


Norfolk, Va 46 


63 


North Carolina, 






53 


74 


Ocean Springs, Mis.s. . 






168 


130 


Old Point Comfort, Va.. 






48 


126 


Oliver Springs, Tenn., 






129 


58 


O.xford, Ala., 






• 145 


166 


Oxford, N. C. . . 






• 63 


88 


Pass Christian, Miss.. 






168 


166 


Pelzer, S. C, . . 






88 


89 


Piedmont, Ala., 






■ 149 


129 


Piedmont, S. C, 






88 


71 


Pinner's Point, Va. , 






46 


72 


Raleigh, N. C, . 






61 


64 


Reidsville, N. C, 






5S 


59 


Resorts of the South, 






31 


76 


Richmond, Va., . 






45 


150 


Roan Mountain. Tenn., 






125 


113 


Rock Hill, S. C, 






90 


5 


Rogersville, Tenn., 






• 127 


19 


Rome, Ga 






109 


III 


Salisbury, N. C, 






59 


145 


Saluda, N. C, . . 






73 


104 


Savannah, Ga., 






102 


128 


Seaports of the South, 






27 


125 


.Selma, Ala., 






■ 145 


126 


Seneca, S. C, . 






gl 


153 


Sheffield, Ala., . . 






■ 151 


123 


Shelby ville, Ky., 






• 157 


57 


Soraerville, Tenn., . 






. 130 


157 


South Carolina, . 






■ 79 


74 


Spartanburg, S. C. , . 






88 


127 


Spencer, N. C, . 






59 


157 


Sport in the South, . 






33 


76 


Statesville, N. C, . 






. 63 


112 


Stevenson, Ala., 




150 


121 


Stones and Minerals in the S 


out 


li, 26 


128 


St. Simons I.sland, Ga., 




. 104 


169 


Sweetwater, Tenn., 




128 


157 


Talladega, Ala., 






147 


50 


Tallapoosa, Ga., 






112 


107 


Tate Springs, Tenn.. 






127 


14 


Tennessee, . 






115 


182 


Timber in the South, 






24 


148 


Tobacco in the South, 






23 


129 


Tryon, N. C, . 






73 


130 


Tuscaloosa, Ala., 






146 


167 


Tuscumbia, Ala., 






151 


158 


Union, S. C, 






91 


161 


Vanderbilt Chateau, 






69 


152 


Versailles, Ky 






157 


148 


Virginia 






39 


151 


Virginia Beach, Va. , 






43 


64 


Warm Springs, Ga., 






"3 


127 


Washington, D. C. 






36 


X27 


Waynesville, N. C. . 






71 


64 


West Point, Miss.. . 






l6s 


29 


West Point, Va. , 






48 


91 


Winona, Miss 






166 


173 


Winston-Salem, N. C, . 




. 63 


127 











y"^ 



Frank Presbrey 
Vcsi,ifner, Writer, lUustralor and Publisher 
'■Mr 'fT^ i2-it> John Street, New York 



I 








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